The digestion of dietary carbohydrates is initiated by amylase, an enzyme present in saliva. This enzyme breaks down long carbohydrate molecules into shorter units such as disaccharides. Lipase breaks down fats and is not present in the saliva, rather it is secreted by the pancreas into the duodenum. Pepsin is a protease - an enzyme that breaks down proteins. This enzyme is secreted by the chief cells of the stomach in its zymogen form (pepsinogen). It is activated by the product of the parietal cells (hydrochloric acid). Note that amylase is also secreted by the pancreas to complete the chemical digestion of carbohydrates into monosaccharides so that they can be absorbed by the brush border of the small intestine.

While a small amount of fat digestion may occur in the mouth via the action of lingual lipase, the majority of lipid digestions begins in the duodenum. The presence of fat in the small intestine triggers release of pancreatic lipase, which enters the duodenum via the pancreatic duct. Fat digestion does not occur in the stomach.

The digestion of dietary carbohydrates is initiated by amylase, an enzyme present in saliva. This enzyme breaks down long carbohydrate molecules into shorter units such as disaccharides. Lipase breaks down fats and is not present in the saliva, rather it is secreted by the pancreas into the duodenum. Pepsin is a protease - an enzyme that breaks down proteins. This enzyme is secreted by the chief cells of the stomach in its zymogen form (pepsinogen). It is activated by the product of the parietal cells (hydrochloric acid). Note that amylase is also secreted by the pancreas to complete the chemical digestion of carbohydrates into monosaccharides so that they can be absorbed by the brush border of the small intestine.

While a small amount of fat digestion may occur in the mouth via the action of lingual lipase, the majority of lipid digestions begins in the duodenum. The presence of fat in the small intestine triggers release of pancreatic lipase, which enters the duodenum via the pancreatic duct. Fat digestion does not occur in the stomach.

Grapefruit can decrease the activity of cytochrome P450, one of the body's most important detoxification pathways, by as much as 30%. Consumption of grapefruit while on certain medications, including atorvastatin, can lead to toxic levels of the drug. All other foods listed are safe for patients to consume while taking atorvastatin.

Grapefruit can decrease the activity of cytochrome P450, one of the body's most important detoxification pathways, by as much as 30%. Consumption of grapefruit while on certain medications, including atorvastatin, can lead to toxic levels of the drug. All other foods listed are safe for patients to consume while taking atorvastatin.

99% of glucose and amino acids are resorbed by the proximal tubule of the nephron. The loop of Henle and the distal tubule primarily resorb electrolytes and water, while the glomerulus is strictly for filtration and does not resorb solutes.

99% of glucose and amino acids are resorbed by the proximal tubule of the nephron. The loop of Henle and the distal tubule primarily resorb electrolytes and water, while the glomerulus is strictly for filtration and does not resorb solutes.

No amount of protein in the urine is considered normal. The capillaries of the glomerulus are covered in a thin layer of cells called podocytes. These podocytes form a very tight filtration system that, when healthy, prevent all large molecules such as proteins from passing out of the glomerulus and into the Bowman's capsule, while allowing the passage of water, electrolytes, and smaller molecules such as glucose and amino acids.

No amount of protein in the urine is considered normal. The capillaries of the glomerulus are covered in a thin layer of cells called podocytes. These podocytes form a very tight filtration system that, when healthy, prevent all large molecules such as proteins from passing out of the glomerulus and into the Bowman's capsule, while allowing the passage of water, electrolytes, and smaller molecules such as glucose and amino acids.