Anatomy › Nervous System
A patient comes in with paralysis of the right side of his face. You ask him to raise his eyebrows and only the left eyebrow is raised. What do these findings suggest is the problem?
Cranial nerve 7
Cranial nerve 5
Cranial nerve 3
Upper motor neuron lesion (stroke)
Cranial nerve 2
These findings suggest that the patient is experiencing Bell's palsy. This is a common finding with the lower motor neuron lesion of facial CN 7. We ask the patient to raise their eye brows to distinguish Bell's palsy from a stroke. If a patient has half sided facial paralysis and can raise both eyebrows this is usually a red flag.
If a person cannot feel pain on the dorsal side of his/her right hand along the outer part of the hand including the little finger he/she likely has damage to the __________.
ulnar nerve
median nerve
radial nerve
sciatic nerve
median cutaneous nerve
The ulnar nerves serves the dorsal and palmar surfaces of the hand from the midline of the ring finger over to the little finger (dorsal and palmar).
A patient comes in with paralysis of the right side of his face. You ask him to raise his eyebrows and only the left eyebrow is raised. What do these findings suggest is the problem?
Cranial nerve 7
Cranial nerve 5
Cranial nerve 3
Upper motor neuron lesion (stroke)
Cranial nerve 2
These findings suggest that the patient is experiencing Bell's palsy. This is a common finding with the lower motor neuron lesion of facial CN 7. We ask the patient to raise their eye brows to distinguish Bell's palsy from a stroke. If a patient has half sided facial paralysis and can raise both eyebrows this is usually a red flag.
If a person cannot feel pain on the dorsal side of his/her right hand along the outer part of the hand including the little finger he/she likely has damage to the __________.
ulnar nerve
median nerve
radial nerve
sciatic nerve
median cutaneous nerve
The ulnar nerves serves the dorsal and palmar surfaces of the hand from the midline of the ring finger over to the little finger (dorsal and palmar).
Werdnig-Hoffmann disease is synonymous with which type of Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA)?
Type I
Type II
Type III
Type IV
Type V
SMA involves atrophy of skeletal muscles. Werdnig-Hoffmann disease is synonymous with SMA type I, which involves severe, early onset (first few months of birth) SMA. Dubowitz disease is synonymous with SMA type II (intermediate), which involves onset at around 6-18 months age. Kugelberg-Welander disease, also known as juvenile SMA, is synonymous with SMA type III, and involves the affected individual being able to walk without support at some time, but the probable loss of this ability later in life. SMA type IV does not have an associated eponym, and there is no SMA type V.
Werdnig-Hoffmann disease is synonymous with which type of Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA)?
Type I
Type II
Type III
Type IV
Type V
SMA involves atrophy of skeletal muscles. Werdnig-Hoffmann disease is synonymous with SMA type I, which involves severe, early onset (first few months of birth) SMA. Dubowitz disease is synonymous with SMA type II (intermediate), which involves onset at around 6-18 months age. Kugelberg-Welander disease, also known as juvenile SMA, is synonymous with SMA type III, and involves the affected individual being able to walk without support at some time, but the probable loss of this ability later in life. SMA type IV does not have an associated eponym, and there is no SMA type V.
At which vertebrae would you enter to remove cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the back?
L4/L5
T3/T4
L2
Posterior sacral foramina
When performing a spinal tap you enter the intervertebral space at the L3/L4 or L4/L5 level. This is because the spinal cord ends around L1/L2. Nerves continue past this point as part of the cauda equina, however they are not in danger of being pierced as they move out of the way of the needle. The needle will pass through various layers until the subarachnoid space where CSF is located.
At which vertebrae would you enter to remove cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the back?
L4/L5
T3/T4
L2
Posterior sacral foramina
When performing a spinal tap you enter the intervertebral space at the L3/L4 or L4/L5 level. This is because the spinal cord ends around L1/L2. Nerves continue past this point as part of the cauda equina, however they are not in danger of being pierced as they move out of the way of the needle. The needle will pass through various layers until the subarachnoid space where CSF is located.
List the order of spinal ligaments that a needle would penetrate in order to administer an epidural injection.
Supraspinous ligament, interspinous ligament, ligamentum flavum
Supraspinous ligament, posterior longitudinal ligament, ligamentum flavum
Interspinous ligament, posterior longitudinal ligament, ligamentum flavum
Interspinous ligament, anterior longitudinal ligament, posterior longitudinal ligament
Posterior longitudinal ligament, anterior longitudinal ligament, ligamentum flavum
When giving an epidural injection the order of structures the needle passes through goes as follows: skin, fascia and subcutaneous fat, supraspinous ligament, interspinous ligament, ligamentum flavum, epidural space
List the order of spinal ligaments that a needle would penetrate in order to administer an epidural injection.
Supraspinous ligament, interspinous ligament, ligamentum flavum
Supraspinous ligament, posterior longitudinal ligament, ligamentum flavum
Interspinous ligament, posterior longitudinal ligament, ligamentum flavum
Interspinous ligament, anterior longitudinal ligament, posterior longitudinal ligament
Posterior longitudinal ligament, anterior longitudinal ligament, ligamentum flavum
When giving an epidural injection the order of structures the needle passes through goes as follows: skin, fascia and subcutaneous fat, supraspinous ligament, interspinous ligament, ligamentum flavum, epidural space