All GRE Subject Test: Chemistry Resources
Example Questions
Example Question #12 : Compound Identification
Which of the following statements is true concerning infrared spectroscopy?
An IR spectrometer shines infrared light on a compound and records the positions where the light is blocked by the compound. This results in the spectrum's peaks.
IR spectroscopy is useful in determining the size and shape of a compound's carbon skeleton.
When the infrared light frequency matches the frequency of bond vibration in a molecule, a peak is recorded on the spectrum.
Functional groups can be identified by looking in the fingerprint region of the spectrum.
When the infrared light frequency matches the frequency of bond vibration in a molecule, a peak is recorded on the spectrum.
IR spectroscopy allows you to identify what functional groups are present in a compound. The IR spectrum is created by recording the frequencies at which a polar bond's vibration frequency is equal to the infrared light's frequency.
The fingerprint region is separate from the function group region, and generally corresponds to carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen interactions. While the spectrum can show what groups are present in a compound, it cannot be used to find the position of these groups or provide a carbon skeleton.
Example Question #12 : Compound Identification
Which of the following statements is true concerning infrared (IR) spectroscopy?
IR spectroscopy is used to determine the shape of the carbon backbone
The fingerprint region is most easily used to determine the functional groups in the molecule
IR spectroscopy is used to determine the frequency of vibrations between atoms
IR spectroscopy can be used to easily determine molecular mass
IR spectroscopy is used to determine the frequency of vibrations between atoms
IR spectroscopy is most commonly used to determine the functional groups found in the molecule being observed. This is done by observing the vibration frequencies between atoms in the molecule. It does not easily reveal the size or shape of the molecule's carbon skeleton. Although the fingerprint region is unique for every molecule, it is very difficult to read when attempting to determine the molecule's functional groups. Most functional group peaks are observed in the functional group region adjacent to the fingerprint region.
Example Question #1 : Ir Spectroscopy
In IR spectroscopy, the vibration between atoms is caused by which of the following?
Dipole moments between atoms
The overall molecular weight of the molecule
The number of protons in a nucleus
The movement of electrons to higher energy levels
Dipole moments between atoms
Infrared (IR) spectroscopy takes advantage of the electrical difference between atoms in a polar bond. These dipole moments, when exposed to infrared radiation, stretch and contract in what appears to be a vibrating motion between the atoms. The different vibrational frequencies in the molecule allow for the compound to be "read" using IR spectroscopy.
Example Question #82 : Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry, And Metabolism
Which of the following functional groups exhibits the highest frequency in an infrared (IR) spectrum?
Nitrile
Alcohol
Ester
Ketone
Aldehyde
Alcohol
An alcohol (-ROH) exhibits a strong, broad absorbance peak at about 3500cm-1. A nitrile's (-RCN) characteristic absorbance peak is at about 2200cm-1. Carbonyl groups have strong, sharp peaks from 1700cm-1 to 1750cm-1, depending on the type of carbonyl group. For instance, an ester (-RCO2R'-) has an absorbance at about 1750cm-1, while a ketone (-ROR'-) has an absorbance at around 1710cm-1.
Example Question #2 : How To Identify Compounds
An alcohol group in a compound would result in a broad dip around what part of the infrared (IR) spectrum?
3400cm-1
1200cm-1
1700cm-1
2800cm-1
3400cm-1
There are a couple of key functional group spectra that you must memorize. A carbonyl group will cause a sharp dip at about 1700cm-1, and an alcohol group will cause a broad dip around 3400cm-1.
Example Question #1 : How To Identify Compounds
An unknown compound is analyzed using infrared spectroscopy. A strong, sharp peak is observed at a frequency of 1750cm-1. What functional group is present?
Alcohol
Nitrile
Ester
Unsaturated ketone
Saturated ketone
Ester
An ester has a characteristic IR absorption at about 1750cm-1. A saturated ketone has an absorption at about 1710cm-1, while an unsaturated ketone has an absorption between 1650cm-1 and 1700cm-1. A nitrile has an IR frequency of about 2200cm-1, while an alcohol has a strong, broad peak at about 3400cm-1.
Carbonyl compounds all have peaks between roughly 1650cm-1 and 1750cm-1. Ketone peaks are generally observed at the lower end of this range, while aldehydes and esters are toward the higher end of the range.
Example Question #1 : Spectroscopy
An IR spectrum reading is taken before and after treating acetone with the reducing agent . What IR peak readings would be seen for the reactant acetone and for the predicted product?
Treating acetone, a secondary carbonyl, with a reducing agent, such as sodium borohydride (NaBH4), will yield a secondary alcohol as the product.
When using IR spectroscopy, carbonyl (C=O) groups display characteristic peaks at approximately 1700cm-1, while alcohol groups (O-H) display characteristic peaks around 3300cm-1. The acetone would, therefore, initially have a characteristic peak at roughly 1700cm-1. After the reduction reaction is complete, the resulting 2-propanol would display a characteristic peak roughly at 3300cm-1.
Example Question #2 : Spectroscopy
Approximately where would a carbonyl peak be found on an IR spectrum?
The peak location will vary depending on the compound being analyzed.
2800cm-1
1700cm-1
1000cm-1
1700cm-1
It is important to memorize a couple key functional groups, and where they are located on an IR spectrum. If you see a sharp peak near 1700cm-1, you can assume it is made by a carbonyl group.
Similarly, a wide peak around 3000cm-1 will be made by a hydroxyl group.
Example Question #2 : Ir Spectroscopy
After taking an IR spectrum of a sample synthesized in the lab, you have 3 IR peaks. Peak has a transmittance, peak has a transmittance, and peak has a transmittance. Which peak has the greatest absorbance?
Peak
All the peaks have the same transmittance
Peak
Peak
Peaks and
Peak
Transmittance () is the fraction of incident light transmitted through an analyte. Absorbance () is the amount incident light that is absorbed by the analyte. The equation that governs this relationship is:
Where is the power of the incident radiation and is the decreased power of the incident radiation due to the interactions between the absorbing analyte particles and the power of the incident radiation. So, as the percent transmittance increases the absorbance decreases. In this case, peak has the lowest transmittance, therefore it has the highest absorbance.
Example Question #2 : Ir Spectroscopy
What is the absorbance of an IR peak with a 25% transmittance?
There are two equations we can use to solve this question:
And
Let's show that each give us the same correct answer:
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