Viruses

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GRE Subject Test: Biology › Viruses

Questions 1 - 10
1

Which of the following structures will never be found in a virus?

Ribosome

RNA

DNA

Lipids

Explanation

A virus will either contain RNA or DNA; never both. These nucleic acids are essential for carrying and transmitting the viral genome. Some viruses can also have a lipid-rich envelope surrounding them.

Since viruses hijack cellular ribosomes in order to create their needed proteins, there will never be a virus containing ribosomes.

2

Which of the following structures will never be found in a virus?

Ribosome

RNA

DNA

Lipids

Explanation

A virus will either contain RNA or DNA; never both. These nucleic acids are essential for carrying and transmitting the viral genome. Some viruses can also have a lipid-rich envelope surrounding them.

Since viruses hijack cellular ribosomes in order to create their needed proteins, there will never be a virus containing ribosomes.

3

What allows bacteriophages to only infect bacteria cells?

They attach to lipopolysaccharide and teichoic acid surface receptors

They carry out the lysogenic cycle

They carry out the lytic cycle

They harbor mosaic genomes due to site-specific recombination or illegitimate recombination

They are retroviruses

Explanation

The cell surface receptors that a virus recognizes and binds provides specificity for the organism(s) that it infects. Both lipopolysaccharides and teichoic acids are cell surface proteins of bacteria. Bacteriophages have very diverse mosaic genomes and replicate through both the lytic and lysogenic cycles. Retroviruses are RNA-positive strand viruses, which uses reverse transcriptase to synthesize DNA from an RNA template. Its DNA form of its genome is integrated into the host cell's genome.

4

What allows bacteriophages to only infect bacteria cells?

They attach to lipopolysaccharide and teichoic acid surface receptors

They carry out the lysogenic cycle

They carry out the lytic cycle

They harbor mosaic genomes due to site-specific recombination or illegitimate recombination

They are retroviruses

Explanation

The cell surface receptors that a virus recognizes and binds provides specificity for the organism(s) that it infects. Both lipopolysaccharides and teichoic acids are cell surface proteins of bacteria. Bacteriophages have very diverse mosaic genomes and replicate through both the lytic and lysogenic cycles. Retroviruses are RNA-positive strand viruses, which uses reverse transcriptase to synthesize DNA from an RNA template. Its DNA form of its genome is integrated into the host cell's genome.

5

Which of the following is not part of the lysogenic cycle?

Utilization of host machinery by the virus

Reproduction of the host cell

Integration into the host chromosome

Insertion of viral material into a host cell

Formation of a prophage

Explanation

The lytic cycle is a nondestructive viral cycle in which viral genetic code integrates into the host chromosome but allows the host to live normally. The virus does not take over cell machinery (in order to churn out new viral parts) until it enters the destructive lytic cycle. All other answer choices are indeed parts of the lysogenic cycle.

6

Which of the following is not part of the lysogenic cycle?

Utilization of host machinery by the virus

Reproduction of the host cell

Integration into the host chromosome

Insertion of viral material into a host cell

Formation of a prophage

Explanation

The lytic cycle is a nondestructive viral cycle in which viral genetic code integrates into the host chromosome but allows the host to live normally. The virus does not take over cell machinery (in order to churn out new viral parts) until it enters the destructive lytic cycle. All other answer choices are indeed parts of the lysogenic cycle.

7

Which of the following is not true of retroviruses?

Harbor their own DNA polymerase

Contain single stranded postive sense RNA

Harbor their own reverse transcriptase

Integrate DNA into host genome via integrase

All of the answers are characteristic of retroviruses

Explanation

Retroviruses do not harbor their own DNA polymerase. Once inside a host cell, the viral reverse transcriptase reverse transcribes its ssRNA to DNA. At this point, integrase incorporates its synthesized DNA into the host genome. Expression of this viral DNA utilizes host cellular machinery.

8

Which of the following is not true of retroviruses?

Harbor their own DNA polymerase

Contain single stranded postive sense RNA

Harbor their own reverse transcriptase

Integrate DNA into host genome via integrase

All of the answers are characteristic of retroviruses

Explanation

Retroviruses do not harbor their own DNA polymerase. Once inside a host cell, the viral reverse transcriptase reverse transcribes its ssRNA to DNA. At this point, integrase incorporates its synthesized DNA into the host genome. Expression of this viral DNA utilizes host cellular machinery.

9

What component is common for all viruses?

A protein coat

DNA

RNA

A protective envelope

Explanation

All viruses contain a protein coat (or capsule) that protects the genetic material (which can be either DNA or RNA). In some instances (such as herpes simplex), the virus can also contain an lipid envelope that serves as a membrane.

10

What component is common for all viruses?

A protein coat

DNA

RNA

A protective envelope

Explanation

All viruses contain a protein coat (or capsule) that protects the genetic material (which can be either DNA or RNA). In some instances (such as herpes simplex), the virus can also contain an lipid envelope that serves as a membrane.

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