GRE Subject Test: Biology › The Cell Cycle
Which phase of mitosis is characterized by the reappearance of the nuclear envelope?
Telophase
Metaphase
Prophase
Anaphase
Once the cell has split and transported its sister chromatids to opposite ends of the cell, the nuclear envelopes can begin to regenerate around the genetic material at each pole. This event occurs during the end of mitosis, commonly known as telophase.
Which phase of mitosis is characterized by the reappearance of the nuclear envelope?
Telophase
Metaphase
Prophase
Anaphase
Once the cell has split and transported its sister chromatids to opposite ends of the cell, the nuclear envelopes can begin to regenerate around the genetic material at each pole. This event occurs during the end of mitosis, commonly known as telophase.
Combrestatin is a drug that prevents the polymerization of microtubules. Which of the following processes would be most affected by combrestatin?
Mitosis
DNA synthesis
Muscle contraction
Protein synthesis
Membrane depolarization
Combrestatin interferes with the formation of microtubules, which make up the cytoskeletal architecture of a cell; therefore, the correct answer choice is involved with some microtubule-based process. DNA and protein synthesis do not involve microtubules, and would not be affected by the lack thereof. Muscle contraction depends on myosin, actin, troponin, etc., and not on microtubules. Membrane depolarization involves sodium/potassium channels, neurotransmitters, etc., and is not directly affected by microtubule inhibition.
The only answer that remains is mitosis, which involves microtubules in chromosomal segregation. The mitotic spindle in this separation is primarily composed of microtubules. The polymerization and depolymerization of microtubules is crucial for mitotic division. Combrestatin therefore prevents proper mitosis.
Combrestatin is a drug that prevents the polymerization of microtubules. Which of the following processes would be most affected by combrestatin?
Mitosis
DNA synthesis
Muscle contraction
Protein synthesis
Membrane depolarization
Combrestatin interferes with the formation of microtubules, which make up the cytoskeletal architecture of a cell; therefore, the correct answer choice is involved with some microtubule-based process. DNA and protein synthesis do not involve microtubules, and would not be affected by the lack thereof. Muscle contraction depends on myosin, actin, troponin, etc., and not on microtubules. Membrane depolarization involves sodium/potassium channels, neurotransmitters, etc., and is not directly affected by microtubule inhibition.
The only answer that remains is mitosis, which involves microtubules in chromosomal segregation. The mitotic spindle in this separation is primarily composed of microtubules. The polymerization and depolymerization of microtubules is crucial for mitotic division. Combrestatin therefore prevents proper mitosis.
How does the cell progress through various stages of the cell cycle?
Controlled expression and degradation of various cyclin proteins
Controlled expression and degradation of various cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) proteins
Controlled expression and degradation of both cyclin and cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) proteins
Each cell type has a natural time frame for each portion of the cell cycle that is independent of protein expression
Cells progress through the cell cycle by controlled expression and degradation of cyclin proteins. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are always present in the cell and are not degraded after progression to a new stage of the cell cycle. Cyclins bind their respective CDKs to activate them. This activation causes a chain of events that allow the cell to progress to the next phase of the cell cycle. Afterwards, cyclins are ubiquinated and degraded until they are needed again.
How does the cell progress through various stages of the cell cycle?
Controlled expression and degradation of various cyclin proteins
Controlled expression and degradation of various cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) proteins
Controlled expression and degradation of both cyclin and cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) proteins
Each cell type has a natural time frame for each portion of the cell cycle that is independent of protein expression
Cells progress through the cell cycle by controlled expression and degradation of cyclin proteins. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are always present in the cell and are not degraded after progression to a new stage of the cell cycle. Cyclins bind their respective CDKs to activate them. This activation causes a chain of events that allow the cell to progress to the next phase of the cell cycle. Afterwards, cyclins are ubiquinated and degraded until they are needed again.
Cells that rarely divide, if at all, will spend most of their time in what phase of the cell cycle?
G0
G1
G2
S
When the cell is not preparing to divide any time soon, it will spend its time in the G0 phase. This phase is distinct from the actual cell cycle, and can prevent the cell from actively growing and preparing for division. Cells arrested in the G0 phase are considered quiescent.
Cells that rarely divide, if at all, will spend most of their time in what phase of the cell cycle?
G0
G1
G2
S
When the cell is not preparing to divide any time soon, it will spend its time in the G0 phase. This phase is distinct from the actual cell cycle, and can prevent the cell from actively growing and preparing for division. Cells arrested in the G0 phase are considered quiescent.
Which phase of mitosis involves the separation of chromatids?
Anaphase
Metaphase
Telophase
Prophase
Cellular division usually takes place in four steps before undergoing cytokinesis. In prophase, the chromosomes condense and become visible, and the spindle apparatus begins to form. In metaphase, the chromosomes line up on the equator of the cell. In anaphase, the chromatids are pulled apart and separated to opposite sides of the cell. Finally, telophase involves the nuclear membrane reforming around the chromosomes, which begin to decondense.
Which phase of mitosis involves the separation of chromatids?
Anaphase
Metaphase
Telophase
Prophase
Cellular division usually takes place in four steps before undergoing cytokinesis. In prophase, the chromosomes condense and become visible, and the spindle apparatus begins to form. In metaphase, the chromosomes line up on the equator of the cell. In anaphase, the chromatids are pulled apart and separated to opposite sides of the cell. Finally, telophase involves the nuclear membrane reforming around the chromosomes, which begin to decondense.