Cell Membrane and Organelles

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GRE Subject Test: Biology › Cell Membrane and Organelles

Questions 1 - 10
1

Ribosomes are the organelle responsible for the translation of mRNAs into proteins. To do this, ribosomes translate the mRNA codons into amino acids which are joined to form a long polypeptide. The ribosome has a catalytic domain that is responsible for the formation of the peptide bonds between these amino acids. What is the name, i.e. the enzymatic classification, of this domain in the ribosome?

Peptidyl transferase

Peptidyl acylase

AminoATPase

Polymerase

Ester transferase

Explanation

Interestingly, ribosomes are one of the only examples of an RNA structure that has enzymatic activity. The primary enzymatic function of the ribosome is one of a peptidyl transferase; that is, the catalysis of peptide bond formation between amino acids as those acids are brought to the nascent strand.

2

Ribosomes are the organelle responsible for the translation of mRNAs into proteins. To do this, ribosomes translate the mRNA codons into amino acids which are joined to form a long polypeptide. The ribosome has a catalytic domain that is responsible for the formation of the peptide bonds between these amino acids. What is the name, i.e. the enzymatic classification, of this domain in the ribosome?

Peptidyl transferase

Peptidyl acylase

AminoATPase

Polymerase

Ester transferase

Explanation

Interestingly, ribosomes are one of the only examples of an RNA structure that has enzymatic activity. The primary enzymatic function of the ribosome is one of a peptidyl transferase; that is, the catalysis of peptide bond formation between amino acids as those acids are brought to the nascent strand.

3

Ribosomes are the organelle responsible for the translation of mRNAs into proteins. To do this, ribosomes translate the mRNA codons into amino acids which are joined to form a long polypeptide. The ribosome has a catalytic domain that is responsible for the formation of the peptide bonds between these amino acids. What is the name, i.e. the enzymatic classification, of this domain in the ribosome?

Peptidyl transferase

Peptidyl acylase

AminoATPase

Polymerase

Ester transferase

Explanation

Interestingly, ribosomes are one of the only examples of an RNA structure that has enzymatic activity. The primary enzymatic function of the ribosome is one of a peptidyl transferase; that is, the catalysis of peptide bond formation between amino acids as those acids are brought to the nascent strand.

4

Which of the following is a potential function of cell junctions?

I. Anchor adjacent cells

II. Anchor the extracellular matrix

III. Communicate with neighboring cells

I, II, and III

I and III

I and II

III only

Explanation

All of the choices presented describe functions of cell junctions. Adherens junctions and desmosomes are responsible for anchoring neighboring cells to one another. Hemidesmosomes help anchor the extracellular matrix in place, binding the cell membrane to proteins in the basal lamina or matrix. Gap junctions are an example of junctions that connect the cytoplasm of two neighboring cells and allow for communication via ions and other small molecules.

5

Which of the following is a potential function of cell junctions?

I. Anchor adjacent cells

II. Anchor the extracellular matrix

III. Communicate with neighboring cells

I, II, and III

I and III

I and II

III only

Explanation

All of the choices presented describe functions of cell junctions. Adherens junctions and desmosomes are responsible for anchoring neighboring cells to one another. Hemidesmosomes help anchor the extracellular matrix in place, binding the cell membrane to proteins in the basal lamina or matrix. Gap junctions are an example of junctions that connect the cytoplasm of two neighboring cells and allow for communication via ions and other small molecules.

6

Which of the following is a potential function of cell junctions?

I. Anchor adjacent cells

II. Anchor the extracellular matrix

III. Communicate with neighboring cells

I, II, and III

I and III

I and II

III only

Explanation

All of the choices presented describe functions of cell junctions. Adherens junctions and desmosomes are responsible for anchoring neighboring cells to one another. Hemidesmosomes help anchor the extracellular matrix in place, binding the cell membrane to proteins in the basal lamina or matrix. Gap junctions are an example of junctions that connect the cytoplasm of two neighboring cells and allow for communication via ions and other small molecules.

7

Which of the following is a function of membranes?

All of these are membrane functions

Separating the internal and external environments

Selectively controlling import and export of nutrients

Housing proteins used in important metabolic pathways

Explanation

The question asks about membranes in general, not just the cell plasma membrane; therefore, all of the answers are true. The plasma membrane's most important functions are protecting the internal environment of the cell and selectively allowing nutrients into the cytoplasm (semi-permeability). The final answer describes a function of the inner-membrane of the mitochondria, which houses the electron transport chain.

8

Which of the following is a function of membranes?

All of these are membrane functions

Separating the internal and external environments

Selectively controlling import and export of nutrients

Housing proteins used in important metabolic pathways

Explanation

The question asks about membranes in general, not just the cell plasma membrane; therefore, all of the answers are true. The plasma membrane's most important functions are protecting the internal environment of the cell and selectively allowing nutrients into the cytoplasm (semi-permeability). The final answer describes a function of the inner-membrane of the mitochondria, which houses the electron transport chain.

9

Which of the following is a function of membranes?

All of these are membrane functions

Separating the internal and external environments

Selectively controlling import and export of nutrients

Housing proteins used in important metabolic pathways

Explanation

The question asks about membranes in general, not just the cell plasma membrane; therefore, all of the answers are true. The plasma membrane's most important functions are protecting the internal environment of the cell and selectively allowing nutrients into the cytoplasm (semi-permeability). The final answer describes a function of the inner-membrane of the mitochondria, which houses the electron transport chain.

10

Which of the following conditions would result in a more fluid membrane?

Fatty acid tails with double bonds

Long fatty acid tails

A membrane in cold temperatures

Fully saturated fatty acid tails

Explanation

There are many factors that determine the fluidity of cell membranes. Membranes that are composed of fully saturated, long fatty acid tails are generally less fluid then the opposite conditions. In addition, lower temperatures result in a less fluid membrane.

Membranes that have fatty acid tails with double bonds are more fluid because the double bonds make it difficult for multiple phospholipids to float next to one another. The shape of the double bond adds a another dimension to the lipid, preventing the tails from packing together. Unsaturated fatty acids are thus more fluid than saturated fatty acids.

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