Because an amino acid has been altered in sickle cell anemia, we can say that the amino acid sequence for hemoglobin has been changed. The amino acid sequence is defined as the primary structure for a protein, so that is the level that has been altered. It should be noted that the subsequent levels of protein structure would be altered as well, but the manipulation of the amino acid sequence is a changing of the primary structure first.

Polypeptide chains in proteins fold to attain a more compact secondary structure. The two forms of secondary structures are alpha helices and beta sheets. Amino acids that are separated by three or four residues in a polypeptide chain within a secondary alpha helix structure are spatially close and can form hydrogen bonds.

Primary structure: linear sequence of amino acids

Secondary structure: hydrogen bonds, alpha-helices and beta-pleated sheets

Tertiary structure: disulfide bonds, single polypeptide chain

Myoglobin is a monomer, and is made of a single polypeptide chain. Thus, its highest level of protein structure is tertiary. While collagen does contain different polypeptide chains, it is an example of a protein with quaternary structure, not an explanation of what this means.

Because an amino acid has been altered in sickle cell anemia, we can say that the amino acid sequence for hemoglobin has been changed. The amino acid sequence is defined as the primary structure for a protein, so that is the level that has been altered. It should be noted that the subsequent levels of protein structure would be altered as well, but the manipulation of the amino acid sequence is a changing of the primary structure first.

Polypeptide chains in proteins fold to attain a more compact secondary structure. The two forms of secondary structures are alpha helices and beta sheets. Amino acids that are separated by three or four residues in a polypeptide chain within a secondary alpha helix structure are spatially close and can form hydrogen bonds.

Primary structure: linear sequence of amino acids

Secondary structure: hydrogen bonds, alpha-helices and beta-pleated sheets

Tertiary structure: disulfide bonds, single polypeptide chain

Myoglobin is a monomer, and is made of a single polypeptide chain. Thus, its highest level of protein structure is tertiary. While collagen does contain different polypeptide chains, it is an example of a protein with quaternary structure, not an explanation of what this means.

A disulfide bond is created by two cysteine residues coming together and creating a sulfur-sulfur linkage. This type of linkage contributes to the tertiary structure of proteins. It can also be seen in quaternary structure between peptide subunits, but tertiary structure is the first level where this force can be observed.

Proline is bound to two alkyl groups thus giving it a planar configuration, giving the nitrogen only the ability to accept hydrogen bonds not donate them. While this is not a problem at the beginning of an alpha helix this can disturb the bonds if place further down the chain. Thus proline is often referred to as the "alpha helix buster."

Proline is bound to two alkyl groups thus giving it a planar configuration, giving the nitrogen only the ability to accept hydrogen bonds not donate them. While this is not a problem at the beginning of an alpha helix this can disturb the bonds if place further down the chain. Thus proline is often referred to as the "alpha helix buster."

A disulfide bond is created by two cysteine residues coming together and creating a sulfur-sulfur linkage. This type of linkage contributes to the tertiary structure of proteins. It can also be seen in quaternary structure between peptide subunits, but tertiary structure is the first level where this force can be observed.