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Questions 1 - 10
1

Ted’s favorite food is his mother’s homemade chili. His mother often sets out a certain silver pot on the kitchen table while she cuts up the ingredients on a nearby counter. Now, whenever Ted comes home and sees this silver pot on the table, he immediately starts salivating.

What type of learning does this example illustrate?

Classical conditioning

Operant conditioning

Social learning

Taste aversion

Explanation

We can see that Ted is being "classically conditioned" to salivate at the sight of the silver pot. This is because a neutral stimulus (i.e. the silver pot) is being repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus (i.e. the delicious chili), which by itself naturally produces an unconditioned response (i.e. salivation). Now, the sight of the pot (now a conditioned stimulus) produces the same response (now a conditioned response).

2

A bell is rung each time a dog is given a steak. Soon, the dog salivates at the sound of the bell even when the steak is not presented. What is the conditioned response in this scenario?

The dog salivating at the sound of the bell

The dog salivating in response to the steak

The dog

The bell

The steak

Explanation

In classical conditioning, the steak is the unconditioned stimulus in this scenario. The unconditioned stimulus is the object that naturally provokes the unconditioned response (e.g. salivation to steak) without any sort of training or pairing. The unconditioned stimulus (e.g. steak) is then paired with the conditioned stimulus (e.g. the bell), which is what the experimenter wants the subject to associate the unconditioned stimulus with. Once the subject associates the conditioned stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus enough, they start to have a conditioned response (e.g. salivation to bell alone).

3

Ted’s favorite food is his mother’s homemade chili. His mother often sets out a certain silver pot on the kitchen table while she cuts up the ingredients on a nearby counter. Now, whenever Ted comes home and sees this silver pot on the table, he immediately starts salivating.

What type of learning does this example illustrate?

Classical conditioning

Operant conditioning

Social learning

Taste aversion

Explanation

We can see that Ted is being "classically conditioned" to salivate at the sight of the silver pot. This is because a neutral stimulus (i.e. the silver pot) is being repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus (i.e. the delicious chili), which by itself naturally produces an unconditioned response (i.e. salivation). Now, the sight of the pot (now a conditioned stimulus) produces the same response (now a conditioned response).

4

A bell is rung each time a dog is given a steak. Soon, the dog salivates at the sound of the bell even when the steak is not presented. What is the conditioned response in this scenario?

The dog salivating at the sound of the bell

The dog salivating in response to the steak

The dog

The bell

The steak

Explanation

In classical conditioning, the steak is the unconditioned stimulus in this scenario. The unconditioned stimulus is the object that naturally provokes the unconditioned response (e.g. salivation to steak) without any sort of training or pairing. The unconditioned stimulus (e.g. steak) is then paired with the conditioned stimulus (e.g. the bell), which is what the experimenter wants the subject to associate the unconditioned stimulus with. Once the subject associates the conditioned stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus enough, they start to have a conditioned response (e.g. salivation to bell alone).

5

In Pavlov’s experiments, the dog’s salivation triggered by the sound of the tone was considered to be which of following?

Conditioned response

Conditioned stimulus

Unconditioned stimulus

Unconditioned response

Extinction

Explanation

The dog was conditioned to expect food after hearing the bell or sound, which caused him to salivate before eating. After many repetitions, even before the food arrived, the dog expected to be fed soon after hearing the bell; therefore, the salivation was conditioned to happen after hearing the sound.

6

During an operant conditioning experiment, a researcher provides a rat with a shock every time that the rat demonstrates a particular behavior. This type of operant conditioning is referred to as which of the following?

Positive punishment

Negative reinforcement

Positive reinforcement

Negative punishment

Explanation

"Positive punishment" occurs when a stimulus (e.g. shock) is provided and weakens a response. "Negative punishment" occurs when a stimulus (often a pleasant one) is removed and this weakens a response. "Positive reinforcement" is when a stimulus (often a pleasant one) is provided and strengthens a response. Last, "negative reinforcement" occurs when a stimulus (often an unpleasant one) is removed and this strengthens a response.

7

A bell is rung each time a dog is given a steak. Soon, the dog salivates at the sound of the bell even when the steak is not presented. What is the unconditioned response in this scenario?

The dog salivating in response to the steak

The dog salivating at the sound of the bell

The steak

The bell

The dog

Explanation

In classical conditioning, the steak is the unconditioned stimulus in this scenario. The unconditioned stimulus is the object that naturally provokes the unconditioned response (e.g. salivation to steak) without any sort of training or pairing. The unconditioned stimulus (e.g. steak) is then paired with the conditioned stimulus (e.g. the bell), which is what the experimenter wants the subject to associate the unconditioned stimulus with. Once the subject associates the conditioned stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus enough, they start to have a conditioned response (e.g. salivation to bell alone).

8

A bell is rung each time a dog is given a steak. Soon, the dog salivates at the sound of the bell even when the steak is not presented. What is the unconditioned response in this scenario?

The dog salivating in response to the steak

The dog salivating at the sound of the bell

The steak

The bell

The dog

Explanation

In classical conditioning, the steak is the unconditioned stimulus in this scenario. The unconditioned stimulus is the object that naturally provokes the unconditioned response (e.g. salivation to steak) without any sort of training or pairing. The unconditioned stimulus (e.g. steak) is then paired with the conditioned stimulus (e.g. the bell), which is what the experimenter wants the subject to associate the unconditioned stimulus with. Once the subject associates the conditioned stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus enough, they start to have a conditioned response (e.g. salivation to bell alone).

9

During an operant conditioning experiment, a researcher provides a rat with a shock every time that the rat demonstrates a particular behavior. This type of operant conditioning is referred to as which of the following?

Positive punishment

Negative reinforcement

Positive reinforcement

Negative punishment

Explanation

"Positive punishment" occurs when a stimulus (e.g. shock) is provided and weakens a response. "Negative punishment" occurs when a stimulus (often a pleasant one) is removed and this weakens a response. "Positive reinforcement" is when a stimulus (often a pleasant one) is provided and strengthens a response. Last, "negative reinforcement" occurs when a stimulus (often an unpleasant one) is removed and this strengthens a response.

10

Who is considered to be the founder of classical conditioning?

Ivan Pavlov

Barbara Steinway

Henri Mendel

B.F. Skinner

Carl Jung

Explanation

"Ivan Pavlov" was a Russian physiologist who is primarily known for his research on classical conditioning with dogs. Pavlov was looking at salivation in dogs in response to being fed, when he noticed that his dogs would begin to salivate whenever he entered the room, even if he was not bringing food to them.As a result, he posited that his presence functioned as an unconditioned stimulus, which lead to the dogs' salivation as an unconditioned response.

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