Using

Converting to and plugging in values

Determining current:

This question is describing a scenario in which a ray of monochromatic light is being refracted by passing from air into glass. We're then asked to determine which parameter of the light does not change.

First of all, let's review what refraction is. Refraction is an event that happens whenever light passes from one medium into another medium. In doing so, the ray bends. This bending of light is due to the fact that the speed of light changes depending on the medium in which it is traveling.

As the light crosses from the air and into the glass, its speed is slowed down. This is because glass is denser than air. Also, since the speed of light is a function of both wavelength and frequency, then one or both of these variables must change. The frequency remains unchanged while the wavelength becomes altered. One way to think about this is by applying conservation of energy. If the frequency changed, then the energy of the light would also change. However, the energy of the light remains unchanged during refraction. Thus, only the wavelength and the speed change.

Since frequency remains the same, we also know that the period will stay the same, since period is just the inverse of frequency. Also, as was mentioned above, energy will not change because energy is a function of frequency.

The first step is to find the total resistance of the circuit.

In order to find the total resistance of the circuit, it is required to combine all of the parallel resistors first, then add them together as resistors in series.

Combining with , with , with .

Then, combining with and :

Ohms is used law to determine the total current of the circuit

Combing all voltage sources for the total voltage.

Plugging in given values,

The voltage drop across parallel resistors must be the same, so:

Using ohms law:

It is also true that:

Using Subsitution

Solving for :

Plugging back into ohms law in order to find the voltage drop.

.

In order to find the total resistance of the circuit, we need to combine all of the parallel resistors first, then add them together as resistors in series.

Combine with :

Combine with :

Combine with :

Then, add the combined resistors, which are now all in series:

As the wave travels into the less dense medium, it speeds up, bending away from the normal line. The index of refraction tells the ratio of the velocity in a vacuum in relation to the velocity the medium; thus, the velocity will be greater in a medium with a lower index of refraction.

Frequency remains the same regardless of medium, however, since the velocity changes, the wavelength must accommodate this change.

If velocity increases and frequency remains constant, wavelength must also increase.

Finally, a phase shift only occurs when a light ray reflects from the surface of a more dense medium.

A way to think of flux is to count the number of electric field lines exiting a shape and subtract from it the number of field lines entering the shape. The only way for there to be more lines exiting the shape than entering the shape (and the only way to have any flux) is when the shape is enclosing charge.

In our problem, the box has no charge in it. Therefore, it has the same amount of field lines leaving it as it does entering it. This means that there is 0 net flux through the box.

Using

Converting to and plugging in values

Determining current:

To find the amount of energy stored in a capactior, we use the equation

.

We're given the capacitance (), and the voltage (), so we'll use the third equation.

Using the relationship

Where is the resistivity, is the resistance, is the cross sectional area, and is the length from one face to the other.

The area of a circle is

Combining equations:

Plugging in values

To find the amount of energy stored in a capactior, we use the equation

.

We're given the capacitance (), and the voltage (), so we'll use the third equation.