Earth and Space Science
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4th Grade Science › Earth and Space Science
This is a map of different active volcanoes in California and their hazard levels and zones.
Based on the map provided, what pattern can be identified with the location of the volcanoes?
The most hazardous volcanoes are located in the northern part of the state.
The most hazardous volcanoes are located in the southern part of the state.
The most hazardous volcanoes are located in the western part of the state.
There are no identifiable patterns on this map.
Explanation
Maps are a tool used to not only find locations and directions to a specific place but also a way to find patterns about Earth's landforms. When looking at this legend, we can see that the red triangles represent the most hazardous volcanoes in the state. Most of the high to very high hazard level volcanoes are located in Northern California. This pattern can be recognized based on the information from this map.
There are 169 potentially active volcanoes in the United States. This map indicates the location of these volcanoes using multi-colored triangles. The different colors indicate levels of concern based on data from scientists observing them.
Based on the map, what pattern can be determined about the volcanoes' location?
Most of the United States' volcanoes are located around the Gulf of Mexico.
Most of the United States' volcanoes are located around the Pacific Ocean.
Most of the United States' volcanoes are located around Hudson Bay.
Most of the United States' volcanoes are located around the Labrador Sea.
Explanation
This map provides precise data in the form of a visual image about the location of volcanoes in the United States. The volcanoes are primarily located near the Pacific Ocean. The Western United States, Alaska, and Hawaii are the central locations of volcanoes and volcanic activity. This happens to be part of the "Ring of Fire," and these areas also experience higher rates of earthquake activity than other parts of the world.
The state of Hawaii wants to invest money in protecting residents and communities from volcanoes. Which solution would be the most beneficial to residents and reduce the impact of a volcanic eruption?
Improved monitoring systems
Better cameras to film the eruptions
Build fencing around the volcano
Research how volcanoes can trigger tsunamis
Explanation
Volcanoes are a deadly natural hazard and can be unpredictable. If a volcano erupts, having better footage of the lava, smoke, and ash will do nothing at the moment to protect residents or their property. Lava would run right through, and under a fence, so it would not protect anyone from the volcano. Understanding the aftermath of a volcanic eruption is very important, but it does not address the issues with the explosion itself. Improving the monitoring systems would give people more time to evacuate or prepare, find a safe place, and would let scientists know the signs to look for future eruptions.
Which solution to reduce the impacts of an earthquake would be beneficial to the LEAST amount of people?
Provide safety features in homes costing over \$1 million
Evacuate all citizens over 80 years old
Improvements to brand new homes
All of the answer choices are correct
Explanation
All of these solutions would mitigate the effect of an earthquake on residents in areas that are prone to natural disasters. But, they would NOT be beneficial to a large population. Creating building codes that require all new construction and existing buildings to be built to a high safety standard will help save lives and reduce damage. These building codes have regulations that companies must follow to ensure they are stable and safe. The safety features should not just be in new homes or homes that cost over \$1 million; this eliminates those who are living in less expensive homes or homes that were built previously. Only evacuating people over 80 years of age also narrows down the group of people receiving help drastically and leaves out a large piece of the population. None of these choices would be the best option to help large groups of people.
Coal Power
The typical coal plant in the United States creates more than 125,000 tons of ash and 193,000 tons of sludge each year. On average, 42% of coal combustion waste ponds and landfills are unlined. This means that the substances in the waste can seep into the ground and nearby lakes. Some of the substances include arsenic, mercury, chromium, and cadmium. These can contaminate drinking water supplies and come in direct contact with the consumers who drink water from these areas.
The disposal of coal plant waste has damaged many ecosystems. Once the coal plants have cycled through billions of gallons of water to cool the system, it is dumped back into the river, ocean, or lake it is pulling water from. When this hot water is released back into the body of water, it creates “thermal pollution,” and this can cause harm to the plants and animals living in this area. Many plants add chemicals to their cooling water, so this is released back into the lake, ocean, or river with the hot water.
This article focuses on the various impacts that producing power with coal can have on the environment. Which answer choice(s) list a NEGATIVE example of how coal affects the environment?
The water released from the power plants is much warmer than the body of water it flows into, so it creates thermal pollution.
Waste substances can seep into the ground and drinking water contaminating it for those who consume it.
Chemicals added to the cooling water are released back into rivers, ocean, or lakes.
All of the answer choices are correct.
None of the answer choices are correct.
Explanation
Petroleum, natural gas, and coal are all nonrenewable resources that require mining and removal from under the Earth's surface to use for power and energy. These resources are efficient and useful but come at a cost. This article focuses on the way coal power plants impact the environment. All of the answer choices listed are the adverse effects of the plant. Creating thermal pollution, releasing chemicals into oceans, rivers, and lakes, as well as contaminating the ground and drinking water, are all negative examples of the effect fossil fuels have on the environment.
The top resources used for fuel and energy in 2019 were coal, natural gas, and petroleum gas. These are resources that are mined from the Earth and nonrenewable. What type of effect would there be on the environment if people switched to renewable resources like wind, water, and solar power?
Less pollution
Cleaner energy sources available to the public
Fewer animal habitats destroyed
All of the answer choices are correct
Explanation
Petroleum, natural gas, and coal are all nonrenewable resources that require mining and removal from under the Earth’s surface to use for power and energy. These resources are efficient and useful but come at a cost. Heavy machines that pollute the air, deforestation, stripping the ground of nutrients, and the eventual extinction of these supplies are all adverse effects they have on the environment. If we were to switch to renewable resources, there would be less concern for running out of energy sources, less pollution, fewer animal habitats destroyed, less deforestation, and cleaner energy sources available to the public. There are many benefits to switching to alternative fuels and replacing fossil fuels.
Fossil fuels are nonrenewable resources. They are nonrenewable because they take millions of years to form. Earth’s oil took 500 million years to develop. Fossil fuels are formed from the remains of organisms. Fossil fuels are rich in energy. Coal is formed from plant remains that have been buried for millions of years. Coal is the fuel used in many electrical power plants. Oil is a thick, black, liquid fossil fuel. Oil forms from the remains of ocean organisms. Petroleum is another name for oil. Natural gas is a mixture of gases. Natural gas forms from the remains of ocean organisms.
Fossil fuels are used for __________.
energy
coal
oil
plants
Explanation
Fossil fuels are all created underground or underwater from the remains of organisms. The short passage explains that they are all nonrenewable and take millions of years to form. Coal is from plants, and oil and natural gas are from ocean organisms. All fossil fuels were once a living thing that were placed under immense amounts of pressure over a long period to create the fuel that we need to run our energy and lives. Fossil fuels are used for energy.
A material that is found in nature and helpful to humans is called a ________________.
natural resource
energy resource
nutrient resource
mineral
Explanation
Humans receive many of our resources from nature, and they are called natural resources. These are things like water, trees, and wind that are naturally occurring, and humans can harness their energy to create power for the everyday things we need. Humans will also mine for resources that are naturally occurring so that we can transform them into other necessary products.
This is a topographical map of the United States that shows the earthquake fault lines. The red, orange, and purple lines represent areas at risk for earthquakes. Based on this map what patterns can you describe regarding the United States' earthquake fault lines?
A majority of the earthquakes that take place in the United States are on the West Coast (California, Nevada, Oregon, Washington, etc.).
A majority of the earthquakes that take place in the United States are on the East Coast (North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, etc.)
A majority of the earthquakes that take place in the United States are in the Midwest (Kansas, Nebraska, North Dakota, etc.).
A majority of the earthquakes that take place in the United States are in the Northeast (New York, Maine, Connecticut, Rhode Island, etc.).
Explanation
This topographical map allows the readers to see patterns in the Earth's landforms. The earthquake faults are red, orange, and purple and they can be seen focused on the Western side of the United States. There are some earthquake faults off the coast of Mexico, Louisiana, Alabama, and Mississippi, but they are primarily located on the West Coast. Using maps like these are beneficial for identifying patterns and finding details to describe them.
This is a topographical map of the United States. There are many landforms visible on the map and are either color-coded or textured. River, lakes, and oceans can be seen in blue. Green represents forests and wooded areas. Where the map looks rippled or almost three-dimensional are mountain ranges and elevation.
Which answer choice describes patterns of Earth's features that can be identified with this map?
The western US has many areas of elevation and large forested areas.
The southern US has many areas of elevation and large forested areas.
The midwest US has many areas of elevation and large forested areas.
All of the answer choices are correct.
None of the answer choices are correct.
Explanation
This map is an excellent choice for viewing all of the different features and landforms that the United States has to offer. Some parts of the country are mountainous, others have large bodies of water, and an ocean surrounds some. One pattern that can be observed from reviewing this map is that the western US has many areas of elevation and large forested areas. The midwest portion of America is primarily white, with some rivers crossing through. It is an area that is not mountainous and does not have vast forests. The southern US has many forested areas but is lacking elevation.