All questions
Question 1
Which of the following is correct regarding an Individual Taxpayer Identification Number (ITIN) for 2025?
- An ITIN is issued by the Social Security Administration and is valid for employment only if the individual has also been issued a work-authorized visa.
- An ITIN may be used by an alien who is ineligible for an SSN to file a return, but it does not authorize employment or entitle the holder to claim the earned income credit. (correct answer)
- An ITIN may be used in place of an SSN for the child tax credit if the child is a U.S. resident alien and has lived with the taxpayer for more than half the year.
- An ITIN is issued by the Social Security Administration and may be used for federal employment tax purposes but not for filing an individual income tax return.
Explanation: IRC § 6109, IRC § 32(c)(1)(E) and (m), and the Instructions for Form W-7. The IRS, not the Social Security Administration, issues an ITIN to an alien who must file a U.S. tax return but is not eligible for a Social Security number. The ITIN is used only for federal tax reporting; it does not authorize employment. It also does not qualify the holder for the earned income credit, because the earned income credit requires a valid Social Security number for the taxpayer, for the spouse on a joint return, and for each qualifying child, and an ITIN is not a Social Security number for this purpose. Choice B therefore states both halves of the rule correctly. Choice A is wrong because the IRS, not the SSA, issues ITINs, and an ITIN never authorizes employment, whatever the holder's visa status. Choice C is wrong because the child tax credit requires the qualifying child to have a valid Social Security number; an ITIN does not satisfy that requirement, and the child's residency and time living with the taxpayer do not change it. Choice D is wrong on both points: the IRS issues the ITIN, and its purpose is filing federal tax returns, including an individual income tax return, not employment tax reporting.
Question 2
Which of the following is correct regarding the third-party designee box on a taxpayer's 2025 Form 1040?
- The designee may represent the taxpayer before the IRS during an examination if the taxpayer accompanies the designee to all meetings with the IRS.
- The designee may direct the IRS to deposit the taxpayer's refund into the designee's bank account, but only with the taxpayer's written consent.
- The designee may discuss the processing of the return with the IRS and receive copies of notices and transcripts, but may not represent the taxpayer before the IRS or receive the refund. (correct answer)
- The designee's authority continues until the expiration of the statute of limitations on assessment, unless the taxpayer files a revocation with the IRS.
Explanation: Governing authority: 2025 Form 1040 Instructions, Third Party Designee. The third-party designee authorization is limited to discussing the processing of the return with the IRS and requesting copies of notices and transcripts. It does not authorize representation, receipt of the refund, or binding acts. Representation before the IRS requires Form 2848; access to tax information without representation can be obtained with Form 8821. Choice C is correct. Choice A misstates the scope: even if the taxpayer is present, the designee cannot represent. Choice B misstates the authority: the designee cannot receive or direct the refund. Choice D misstates duration: the authorization ends automatically on the due date (without regard to extensions) of the next year's return, here the 2026 return, unless revoked earlier; it does not run to the end of the limitations period.
Question 3
Rosa, a head-of-household taxpayer, has a valid SSN and earned income of $18,000 in 2025. Her investment income is $500. Her son, a U.S. citizen, was born in December 2025 and lived with her from birth through the end of the year; the Social Security Administration issued his SSN in January 2026. Her 4-year-old daughter, who lived with Rosa all year, is not a U.S. citizen and has only an ITIN. Rosa will file her 2025 return by April 15, 2026.
Which of the following is correct regarding the valid SSN requirements for Rosa's qualifying children for the earned income credit?
- Neither child is a qualifying child because a qualifying child must have a valid SSN on or before December 31 of the tax year.
- The son is a qualifying child because his SSN was issued before the due date of the return, but the daughter is not because an ITIN is not a valid SSN. (correct answer)
- Both children are qualifying children if their names and identification numbers are listed on the return because the earned income credit does not require a valid SSN for a child under age 6.
- Only the daughter is a qualifying child because an ITIN satisfies the identification requirement and the son's SSN was not issued during 2025.
Explanation: Governing authority: IRC § 32(c)(1)(F) and (c)(3)(D); Instructions for Form 1040. For EITC, a qualifying child must have a valid SSN issued by the SSA before the due date of the return (including extensions), not necessarily by December 31 of the tax year. The son's January 2026 SSN satisfies that rule; the daughter's ITIN does not. The $500 investment income is below the $11,950 EITC investment income limit, so it does not disqualify Rosa. Choice B is correct. Choice A states the wrong timing. Choice C misstates the law: no age-based exception waives the valid SSN requirement. Choice D reverses the result: the son's post-year-end SSN is timely and an ITIN cannot be used.
Question 4
A taxpayer received an ITIN in 2019 and last used it on a federal income tax return for 2021. The taxpayer did not file returns for 2022, 2023, or 2024 and now needs to file a 2025 return.
Which of the following is correct regarding the taxpayer's ITIN?
- The ITIN remains valid because ITINs issued after 2018 do not expire and may be renewed automatically upon filing a return.
- The ITIN remains valid because the IRS automatically renews an ITIN when a return is filed after a period of nonuse.
- The ITIN expires only after five consecutive tax years without use, so the taxpayer may use it for 2025 without filing a renewal application.
- The ITIN expired because it was not used for three consecutive tax years, and the taxpayer must submit a new Form W-7 with the 2025 return to renew it. (correct answer)
Explanation: Governing authority: Instructions for Form W-7 (ITIN expiration and renewal). An ITIN that is not included on a federal tax return for three consecutive tax years expires. A taxpayer whose ITIN has expired must submit a new Form W-7 with supporting documentation to renew it. The taxpayer's last use was on a 2021 return, so the ITIN expired after 2024 and must be renewed for use on the 2025 return. Choice D is correct. Choice A misstates the expiration rule; no rule exempts post-2018 ITINs. Choice B misstates the renewal procedure: renewal is not automatic. Choice C misstates the lookback: the nonuse period is three, not five, consecutive tax years.
Question 5
A married couple had a child placed in their home for adoption in June 2025. The adoption was not final by the end of the year, and the child has no Social Security number. The child lived with the couple for the remainder of 2025.
Which of the following is correct for the couple's 2025 federal income tax return?
- The couple may apply for an ATIN on Form W-7A and claim the child for the child tax credit because a child placed for adoption is treated as a qualifying child without regard to the identification requirement.
- The couple must wait until the adoption becomes final and obtain a Social Security number before the child may be claimed as a dependent on the couple's 2025 return.
- The couple may apply for an ATIN on Form W-7A and claim the child as a dependent, but the child is not a qualifying child for the child tax credit because an ATIN is not a valid Social Security number. (correct answer)
- The couple may apply for an ITIN for the child on Form W-7 and use that number to claim the child tax credit for a child placed for adoption.
Explanation: Governing authority: IRC § 6109(e) and the Instructions for Form W-7A. An ATIN is a temporary IRS-issued number for a child placed for adoption when the child cannot obtain an SSN. It allows the child to be claimed as a dependent, but it is not a valid SSN, so the child does not qualify for the child tax credit. Choice C is correct. Choice A drops the valid-SSN requirement for the child tax credit. Choice B misstates the timing: a taxpayer may claim an adopted child before the adoption is final if the residency test is met. Choice D misstates the number: Form W-7 is for an ITIN, and an ITIN would not satisfy the child tax credit SSN requirement.
Question 6
A husband and wife file a joint 2025 return. The husband has a valid SSN. The wife has an ITIN and is not eligible for an SSN. Their 9-year-old daughter is a U.S. citizen with a valid SSN. Their 6-year-old son is a U.S. resident alien with only an ITIN. Both children lived with the couple all year and meet all qualifying child requirements other than any identification requirement. The couple's modified adjusted gross income is below the child tax credit phase-out threshold.
Which of the following correctly describes the credits the couple may claim for 2025?
- A $2,200 child tax credit for each child because at least one spouse has a valid SSN and each child has a taxpayer identification number.
- A $500 credit for other dependents for each child because the wife does not have a valid Social Security number.
- A $2,200 child tax credit for the daughter and no credit for the son because he does not have a valid Social Security number.
- A $2,200 child tax credit for the daughter and a $500 credit for other dependents for the son, because the daughter has a valid SSN and the son does not. (correct answer)
Explanation: Governing authority: IRC § 24 and the 2025 Form 1040 instructions. The child tax credit is $2,200 for a qualifying child with a valid SSN; on a joint return at least one spouse must have a valid SSN, but the other spouse may have an ITIN. The daughter satisfies the SSN requirement, so the couple may claim the CTC for her. The son does not have a valid SSN, so he cannot be a CTC qualifying child; however, a dependent who cannot be claimed for the child tax credit may qualify the taxpayer for the $500 credit for other dependents if the other requirements are met. Choice D is correct. Choice A ignores the child SSN requirement. Choice B misstates the spouse rule: the wife's ITIN does not block the CTC because the husband has a valid SSN, and it would not reduce the daughter's credit to the other dependent credit. Choice C overlooks the $500 credit for other dependents for the son.
Question 7
A husband and wife are resident aliens for 2025 and file a joint return. The wife has a Social Security number that is valid for employment. The husband has an ITIN. Their two children, ages 8 and 10, are U.S. citizens and qualifying children for 2025, and each has a valid Social Security number.
Which is correct regarding whether they satisfy the Social Security number requirement for the child tax credit for 2025?
- They do not satisfy the requirement because, on a joint return, both spouses must have valid Social Security numbers.
- They satisfy the requirement only if the husband obtains a Social Security number before the due date of the return.
- They do not satisfy the requirement unless both spouses and both children have Social Security numbers valid for employment.
- They satisfy the requirement because each child has a valid Social Security number and at least one spouse has a valid Social Security number. (correct answer)
Explanation: Governing authority: IRC § 24; Form 1040 instructions. For 2025, the Social Security number requirement for the child tax credit is that each qualifying child have a valid Social Security number and that, on a joint return, at least one spouse have a valid Social Security number; the other spouse may have an ITIN. Choice D is correct. Choice A is wrong because both spouses do not need SSNs. Choice B is wrong because the husband's SSN is not required; the wife's SSN satisfies the spousal requirement. Choice C is wrong because the children already satisfy the child-SSN requirement, and only one spouse needs an SSN.
Question 8
A nonresident alien who is not eligible for a Social Security number must file a 2025 U.S. federal income tax return. She visits a Certifying Acceptance Agent and shows the agent her original foreign passport. She asks what the agent can do to help her obtain an ITIN.
Which statement is correct?
- The Certifying Acceptance Agent may not handle the application because ITIN applications must be filed by the taxpayer personally with original documents.
- The Certifying Acceptance Agent may submit a notarized copy of the passport in place of the original or a certified copy.
- The Certifying Acceptance Agent may submit Form W-7 without documentation because the agent's certification replaces the proof-of-identity requirement.
- The Certifying Acceptance Agent may certify copies of the original passport and submit them with Form W-7 on the taxpayer's behalf. (correct answer)
Explanation: Governing authority: IRC § 6109; Form W-7 instructions. A Certifying Acceptance Agent (CAA) is authorized to review original documentation, certify copies, and submit Form W-7 with those certified copies for an applicant who needs an ITIN, so the applicant does not mail the original passport to the IRS. Choice D is correct. Choice A is wrong because a CAA is an approved channel for submitting W-7 applications; the taxpayer need not mail the application personally. Choice B is wrong because notarized copies are not acceptable proof; acceptable submissions are originals, copies certified by the issuing agency, or copies certified by an acceptance agent. Choice C is wrong because the CAA's certification verifies the documentation submitted; it does not waive the proof-of-identity and foreign-status documentation requirement.
Question 9
A taxpayer gave birth to a U.S. citizen child in December 2025. The Social Security Administration has not yet issued a Social Security number for the child because the birth certificate application is still being processed. The taxpayer wants to claim the child as a dependent and for the child tax credit on her 2025 return and wants to file in early March 2026.
Which is the appropriate course of action?
- File Form 4868 to extend the return, then file after the SSN is issued so the child can be claimed on the original return. (correct answer)
- File the return in March and write 'Applied For' in the SSN column; a dependent who is under age one is not required to have an SSN.
- File Form W-7 to obtain an ITIN for the child, because the child does not yet have an SSN.
- File the return without claiming the child, then claim the child on the following year's return once the SSN is available.
Explanation: Governing authority: IRC § 151; Form 1040 instructions; Form W-7 instructions. Every dependent must have a TIN. A U.S. citizen child is not eligible for an ITIN, but the parent may extend the return with Form 4868 so the child's SSN can be obtained and entered on the original 2025 return. Choice A is correct. Choice B is wrong because writing 'Applied For' does not satisfy the requirement that the dependent's SSN be included. Choice C is wrong because a U.S. citizen cannot obtain an ITIN. Choice D is wrong because a 2025 dependency and credits cannot be claimed on a later-year return.
Question 10
In 2025, a child was placed with a U.S. couple for adoption by an authorized placement agency. The child is a U.S. citizen and does not have an SSN or an ITIN. The adoption will not be final until late 2026, so the child cannot obtain an SSN before the couple's 2025 return is due. The child lived with the couple for more than half of 2025 and meets all the qualifying child tests for dependency. The couple wants to claim the child on their 2025 federal income tax return.
What identification number should the couple use for the child?
- Use the adoption agency's case number in the SSN field and attach the placement agreement to the return.
- Claim the child without any identifying number because the adoption will not be final until after the return is due.
- Apply for an adoption taxpayer identification number (ATIN) using Form W-7A and enter that number on the return. (correct answer)
- Apply for an ITIN using Form W-7, because the child is not eligible for a Social Security number while the adoption is pending.
Explanation: Governing authority: Form W-7A instructions; Form 1040 instructions. A child placed for adoption who meets the dependency tests may be claimed, but a claimed dependent must have a taxpayer identification number. When a U.S. citizen child placed for adoption cannot obtain an SSN before the return is due because the adoption is still pending, the taxpayer may apply for an ATIN with Form W-7A and enter that ATIN on the return. Choice C is correct. Choice A is wrong because an adoption agency's case number is not a taxpayer identification number. Choice B is wrong because a pending adoption does not waive the requirement that the dependent have a TIN. Choice D is wrong because Form W-7 is the ITIN application; a child eligible for an ATIN should use Form W-7A rather than an ITIN application.
Question 11
A taxpayer who is not a U.S. citizen has filed her federal income tax returns for several years using an individual taxpayer identification number (ITIN). In September 2025, she was admitted to permanent residence and was issued a Social Security number. She asks whether she may continue to use the ITIN on her 2025 federal income tax return.
Which is the correct advice to give the taxpayer?
- She should continue to use the ITIN because she has used it on prior returns and the SSN did not exist for most of 2025.
- She should use the SSN on the 2025 return because the ITIN is no longer valid for federal tax purposes once an SSN is assigned. (correct answer)
- She should use the SSN for wage income reported on Form W-2 and the ITIN for all other income reported on the return.
- She should use the ITIN for 2025 and then amend the return once the IRS has updated her account with the SSN.
Explanation: Governing authority: IRC § 6109; Form W-7 instructions. An ITIN is used only by a taxpayer who is not eligible for an SSN. Once an SSN is assigned, the ITIN is no longer valid for federal tax purposes, and the taxpayer must use the SSN on returns filed after the assignment. Choice B correctly describes this result. Choice A is wrong because prior use of the ITIN and the date the SSN was issued do not make the ITIN available once an SSN exists. Choice C is wrong because a taxpayer may not split income between two TINs on one return. Choice D is wrong because prior returns do not need to be amended solely to replace an ITIN with an SSN.
Question 12
A client's ITIN was included on her federal returns through 2021, but it has not been included on any federal return since then. She now needs to file a 2025 Form 1040 and has been notified that her ITIN is expired. She asks what she must do before filing.
Which of the following is correct?
- She may use the expired ITIN on her 2025 return because expiration affects only refund claims, not the obligation to file.
- She must file Form SS-5 with the Social Security Administration and wait for a new ITIN to be issued.
- She must renew the ITIN by filing Form W-7 with the renewal box checked and the required identity documents; the Form W-7 may be submitted with her 2025 return. (correct answer)
- She must file Form 8821 with the IRS to renew the ITIN before the return will be accepted.
Explanation: Governing authority: IRC § 6109(i)(3)(B); Form W-7 instructions. An ITIN that has not been included on a federal return for three consecutive tax years expires at the end of the third year. The client's ITIN was last used on a 2021 return and was not used for 2022, 2023 or 2024, so it expired on December 31, 2024. To use an ITIN on her 2025 return she must renew it on Form W-7, checking the renewal box and providing the required identity documents. The W-7 instructions permit the renewal application to be submitted with the return or on its own, before filing. Choice C is correct. Choice A is wrong because an expired ITIN is not valid for use on a return and can delay processing and deny credits. Choice B is wrong because Form SS-5 is used to apply for a Social Security number, not to renew an ITIN. Choice D is wrong because Form 8821 is a tax information authorization, not the ITIN renewal form.