All flashcards
Flashcard 1: Which organ is the main site of nutrient absorption into the bloodstream?
Answer: Small intestine. Its extensive surface area and blood supply maximize nutrient uptake.
Flashcard 2: What is the overall reactants-to-products equation for cellular respiration?
Answer: Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + ATP. Summarizes the complete chemical transformation in cellular respiration.
Flashcard 3: What is cellular respiration?
Answer: Process that uses glucose and oxygen to make ATP. Cells break down glucose with oxygen to release energy stored in ATP.
Flashcard 4: Identify the monomers produced when proteins are digested.
Answer: Amino acids. Proteins are hydrolyzed into these building blocks for absorption.
Flashcard 5: Identify the monomer produced when carbohydrates are digested.
Answer: Simple sugars (such as glucose). Enzymes break complex carbs into these basic sugar units.
Flashcard 6: Which organ system brings oxygen into the body for cellular respiration?
Answer: Respiratory system. Lungs extract oxygen from air for cellular energy production.
Flashcard 7: Identify the main products when fats (lipids) are digested.
Answer: Fatty acids and glycerol. Lipases break triglycerides into these smaller, absorbable molecules.
Flashcard 8: Where does gas exchange occur in the lungs?
Answer: Alveoli. These tiny air sacs provide maximum surface area for gas diffusion.
Flashcard 9: Identify the correct path for glucose: mouth → stomach → small intestine → blood → ?.
Answer: body cells (for cellular respiration or building molecules). Glucose fuels ATP production or becomes structural components.
Flashcard 10: Identify the correct path for oxygen: mouth/nose → ? → alveoli → blood → cells.
Answer: trachea and bronchi. Air passages that conduct oxygen from upper airways to gas exchange sites.
Flashcard 11: Which waste product of cellular respiration can leave the body in urine, sweat, or exhaled air?
Answer: Water. Multiple excretory routes remove this metabolic byproduct.
Flashcard 12: Which waste product of cellular respiration is exhaled from the lungs?
Answer: Carbon dioxide. This gas diffuses from cells to blood to lungs for removal.
Flashcard 13: In a body cell, which organelle is the main site of cellular respiration?
Answer: Mitochondrion. This organelle contains enzymes for the aerobic breakdown of glucose.
Flashcard 14: Which body system transports absorbed nutrients and oxygen to body cells?
Answer: Circulatory system. Blood vessels deliver materials needed for cellular respiration.
Flashcard 15: What is the main role of the liver in processing absorbed nutrients?
Answer: Stores, converts, and regulates nutrient levels in the blood. The liver acts as a metabolic hub and nutrient processing center.
Flashcard 16: What happens to large food molecules during digestion before absorption?
Answer: They are broken into monomers (small soluble molecules). Enzymes break polymers into smaller units that can cross cell membranes.
Flashcard 17: What structures increase small intestine surface area for absorption?
Answer: Villi and microvilli. These finger-like projections greatly expand absorption surface area.
Flashcard 18: What is mechanical digestion?
Answer: Physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces. Uses teeth, tongue, and churning without chemical changes.
Flashcard 19: What is the correct order of the digestive tract from mouth to anus?
Answer: Mouth → esophagus → stomach → small intestine → large intestine → rectum → anus. Food travels through this sequence during digestion.
Flashcard 20: After absorption, how does glucose usually travel from the small intestine to body cells?
Answer: Through the bloodstream (plasma) to cells. Absorbed into capillaries, then transported via circulation.
Flashcard 21: Which macromolecule is digested into amino acids?
Answer: Proteins. Proteases break peptide bonds between amino acids.
Flashcard 22: What is absorption in digestion?
Answer: Movement of nutrients from intestine into blood or lymph. Nutrients cross intestinal wall into circulatory system.
Flashcard 23: What is the main function of the large intestine (colon)?
Answer: Absorbs water and forms feces. Removes remaining water from undigested material.
Flashcard 24: What is chemical digestion?
Answer: Enzyme-driven breakdown of macromolecules into monomers. Enzymes break bonds between molecules chemically.
Flashcard 25: Identify the structures that increase small intestine surface area for absorption.
Answer: Villi and microvilli. Finger-like projections maximize surface area for nutrient absorption.
Flashcard 26: What is absorption in digestion?
Answer: Movement of nutrients from intestine into blood or lymph. Nutrients pass through intestinal walls into circulatory system.
Flashcard 27: Which macromolecule is broken into amino acids during digestion?
Answer: Proteins. Enzymes like pepsin and trypsin break peptide bonds in proteins.
Flashcard 28: Which macromolecule is broken into simple sugars such as glucose during digestion?
Answer: Carbohydrates. Amylase breaks down starches into glucose for cellular energy.
Flashcard 29: In the lungs, where does oxygen diffuse into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuse out?
Answer: Alveoli. Tiny air sacs with thin walls allow gas exchange with capillaries.
Flashcard 30: Which statement best traces an oxygen atom you inhale: becomes part of ATP, carbon dioxide, or water?
Answer: Water (a product of cellular respiration). Oxygen combines with hydrogen from glucose to form H₂O.