Passing Traits to Offspring - Middle School Life Science
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Which gametes can a heterozygous parent (Aa) produce for that gene?
Which gametes can a heterozygous parent (Aa) produce for that gene?
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A and a. Heterozygotes produce equal amounts of both allele types.
A and a. Heterozygotes produce equal amounts of both allele types.
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What is the probability of aa offspring from a cross Aa × Aa?
What is the probability of aa offspring from a cross Aa × Aa?
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$ rac{1}{4}$. One in four offspring inherit both recessive alleles.
$ rac{1}{4}$. One in four offspring inherit both recessive alleles.
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What is the probability of dominant phenotype offspring from a cross Aa × aa?
What is the probability of dominant phenotype offspring from a cross Aa × aa?
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$ rac{1}{2}$. Half the offspring (Aa) show dominant phenotype.
$ rac{1}{2}$. Half the offspring (Aa) show dominant phenotype.
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Identify the expected genotype ratio from a monohybrid cross Aa × Aa.
Identify the expected genotype ratio from a monohybrid cross Aa × Aa.
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$1$ AA : $2$ Aa : $1$ aa. Classic Mendelian ratio from heterozygous parents.
$1$ AA : $2$ Aa : $1$ aa. Classic Mendelian ratio from heterozygous parents.
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What is the expected phenotype ratio for complete dominance in Aa × Aa?
What is the expected phenotype ratio for complete dominance in Aa × Aa?
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$3$ dominant : $1$ recessive. Three genotypes (AA, Aa, Aa) show dominant; one (aa) shows recessive.
$3$ dominant : $1$ recessive. Three genotypes (AA, Aa, Aa) show dominant; one (aa) shows recessive.
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What does heterozygous mean?
What does heterozygous mean?
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Having two different alleles (Aa). One dominant and one recessive allele create a mixed genotype.
Having two different alleles (Aa). One dominant and one recessive allele create a mixed genotype.
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What does homozygous mean?
What does homozygous mean?
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Having two identical alleles (AA or aa). Both alleles are the same, either both dominant or both recessive.
Having two identical alleles (AA or aa). Both alleles are the same, either both dominant or both recessive.
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What is phenotype?
What is phenotype?
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The observable trait produced by genotype and environment. Phenotype results from both genetic and environmental factors.
The observable trait produced by genotype and environment. Phenotype results from both genetic and environmental factors.
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What is a chromosome?
What is a chromosome?
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A DNA-protein structure carrying many genes. Chromosomes package and organize genetic information for inheritance.
A DNA-protein structure carrying many genes. Chromosomes package and organize genetic information for inheritance.
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What is genotype?
What is genotype?
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An organism’s allele combination for a trait. Genotype is the genetic makeup that determines potential traits.
An organism’s allele combination for a trait. Genotype is the genetic makeup that determines potential traits.
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What is a gene?
What is a gene?
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A DNA segment that codes for a trait or protein. Genes are hereditary units that determine specific characteristics.
A DNA segment that codes for a trait or protein. Genes are hereditary units that determine specific characteristics.
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What is the difference between dominant and recessive alleles in a model?
What is the difference between dominant and recessive alleles in a model?
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Dominant is expressed in Aa; recessive needs aa. Dominant masks recessive in heterozygotes; recessive appears only when homozygous.
Dominant is expressed in Aa; recessive needs aa. Dominant masks recessive in heterozygotes; recessive appears only when homozygous.
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What is a Punnett square used to model?
What is a Punnett square used to model?
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Possible offspring genotypes and their probabilities. This grid shows all possible genetic combinations from parent crosses.
Possible offspring genotypes and their probabilities. This grid shows all possible genetic combinations from parent crosses.
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Which statement describes meiosis in inheritance models?
Which statement describes meiosis in inheritance models?
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It makes gametes with one allele per gene. Meiosis halves chromosome number, creating haploid gametes.
It makes gametes with one allele per gene. Meiosis halves chromosome number, creating haploid gametes.
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What is fertilization in inheritance models?
What is fertilization in inheritance models?
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Fusion of two gametes to form a zygote. Gametes unite to restore the diploid chromosome number.
Fusion of two gametes to form a zygote. Gametes unite to restore the diploid chromosome number.
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What fraction of an offspring’s alleles for a gene comes from each parent?
What fraction of an offspring’s alleles for a gene comes from each parent?
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Each parent contributes $ rac{1}{2}$ of the alleles. Sexual reproduction ensures equal genetic contribution from both parents.
Each parent contributes $ rac{1}{2}$ of the alleles. Sexual reproduction ensures equal genetic contribution from both parents.
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Identify the genotype of an offspring that must show a recessive trait.
Identify the genotype of an offspring that must show a recessive trait.
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aa. Recessive traits only appear with two recessive alleles.
aa. Recessive traits only appear with two recessive alleles.
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What is a dominant allele in simple Mendelian inheritance?
What is a dominant allele in simple Mendelian inheritance?
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An allele expressed in a heterozygote. It masks the recessive allele when both are present.
An allele expressed in a heterozygote. It masks the recessive allele when both are present.
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Identify the offspring genotype ratio for Aa × Aa using a Punnett square.
Identify the offspring genotype ratio for Aa × Aa using a Punnett square.
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$1$ AA : $2$ Aa : $1$ aa. Cross produces $ rac{1}{4}$ AA, $ rac{2}{4}$ Aa, $ rac{1}{4}$ aa.
$1$ AA : $2$ Aa : $1$ aa. Cross produces $ rac{1}{4}$ AA, $ rac{2}{4}$ Aa, $ rac{1}{4}$ aa.
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What is a recessive allele in simple Mendelian inheritance?
What is a recessive allele in simple Mendelian inheritance?
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An allele expressed only when homozygous. Hidden by dominant allele; needs two copies to show.
An allele expressed only when homozygous. Hidden by dominant allele; needs two copies to show.
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What is an allele in a heredity model?
What is an allele in a heredity model?
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An alternative form of a gene. Alleles are different versions of the same gene, like brown vs blue for eye color.
An alternative form of a gene. Alleles are different versions of the same gene, like brown vs blue for eye color.
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What is a gamete, and how many alleles for a gene does it carry?
What is a gamete, and how many alleles for a gene does it carry?
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A sex cell; it carries $1$ allele per gene. Gametes (sperm/egg) carry half the genetic information.
A sex cell; it carries $1$ allele per gene. Gametes (sperm/egg) carry half the genetic information.
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What is fertilization in a heredity model?
What is fertilization in a heredity model?
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Fusion of two gametes to form a zygote. Sperm and egg unite, combining their genetic information.
Fusion of two gametes to form a zygote. Sperm and egg unite, combining their genetic information.
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What is a zygote in a heredity model?
What is a zygote in a heredity model?
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A fertilized egg with $2$ alleles per gene. Gets one allele from each parent, restoring the full genetic set.
A fertilized egg with $2$ alleles per gene. Gets one allele from each parent, restoring the full genetic set.
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What model best represents that offspring receive one allele from each parent?
What model best represents that offspring receive one allele from each parent?
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A Punnett square showing one allele per gamete. Shows gametes with single alleles combining at fertilization.
A Punnett square showing one allele per gamete. Shows gametes with single alleles combining at fertilization.
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