All flashcards
Flashcard 1: Which process breaks large food molecules into smaller molecules that cells can absorb?
Answer: Digestion. Breaks down complex molecules into simple nutrients cells can use.
Flashcard 2: Which type of biological molecule is broken down into amino acids?
Answer: Proteins. Peptide bonds between amino acids are broken during protein digestion.
Flashcard 3: Which type of biological molecule is broken down into simple sugars such as glucose?
Answer: Carbohydrates. Complex carbs like starch break into glucose for cellular energy.
Flashcard 4: Which type of biological molecule is broken down into fatty acids and glycerol?
Answer: Lipids (fats and oils). Triglycerides split into three fatty acids and one glycerol molecule.
Flashcard 5: What is the monomer (building block) of proteins that can be rearranged to build new proteins?
Answer: Amino acids. Twenty different types combine in various sequences to form proteins.
Flashcard 6: What is the main monosaccharide cells use as a fuel for cellular respiration?
Answer: Glucose. Six-carbon sugar that cells break down for ATP energy.
Flashcard 7: Which cell structure is the main site of cellular respiration that releases energy from food?
Answer: Mitochondria. Powerhouse organelles that convert glucose to ATP energy.
Flashcard 8: What are the two main products of cellular respiration besides energy in ATP?
Answer: Carbon dioxide and water. Glucose carbons become CO2; oxygen combines with hydrogen forming H2O.
Flashcard 9: What molecule is the immediate, usable energy currency produced from food energy in cells?
Answer: ATP. Adenosine triphosphate stores energy in phosphate bonds.
Flashcard 10: Which process rearranges small molecules into larger molecules needed for growth and repair?
Answer: Biosynthesis (anabolism). Builds complex molecules from simple ones, requiring energy input.
Flashcard 11: Which process breaks molecules down and usually releases energy for the cell?
Answer: Catabolism. Breaking bonds releases energy stored in food molecules.
Flashcard 12: Identify the correct word equation for cellular respiration using glucose and oxygen.
Answer: Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + ATP. Summarizes how cells extract energy from glucose using oxygen.
Flashcard 13: Which statement best models matter: Are atoms destroyed when food is used for energy in cells?
Answer: No; atoms are rearranged into new molecules. Conservation of matter: atoms cannot be created or destroyed.
Flashcard 14: Which atoms in glucose end up in the carbon dioxide produced during cellular respiration?
Answer: Carbon atoms from glucose. Six carbon atoms from C6H12O6 form six CO2 molecules.
Flashcard 15: Which atoms from oxygen gas end up in the water produced during cellular respiration?
Answer: Oxygen atoms from O2. Oxygen gas combines with hydrogen from glucose to form water.
Flashcard 16: Which option best models digestion: Does it create new atoms or change how atoms are bonded?
Answer: It changes how atoms are bonded (breaks and reforms bonds). Enzymes break existing bonds without creating new atoms.
Flashcard 17: Choose the correct model outcome: After digestion, what happens to amino acids in the body?
Answer: They are rearranged to build new proteins. Cells link amino acids with peptide bonds to form new proteins.
Flashcard 18: Identify the correct pathway: What happens to excess glucose after immediate energy needs are met?
Answer: It can be stored as glycogen or converted to fat. Body stores excess energy as glycogen (short-term) or fat (long-term).
Flashcard 19: What type of reaction joins monomers into a polymer by removing water?
Answer: Dehydration synthesis (condensation). Monomers link by removing H from one and OH from another.
Flashcard 20: What is the main role of digestive enzymes in food breakdown?
Answer: They speed up chemical digestion reactions. Enzymes catalyze reactions without being consumed.
Flashcard 21: What is the specific name for an enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates?
Answer: Amylase. Found in saliva and pancreas to digest starches.
Flashcard 22: What is the specific name for an enzyme that breaks down lipids?
Answer: Lipase. Breaks ester bonds in triglycerides during fat digestion.
Flashcard 23: Which model statement correctly explains why oxygen is needed in cellular respiration?
Answer: Oxygen helps break down glucose so more ATP can be produced. Oxygen accepts electrons, allowing complete glucose breakdown.
Flashcard 24: Identify the correct balanced chemical equation for cellular respiration.
Answer: C6H12O6+6O2→6CO2+6H2O+ATP. Shows glucose and oxygen rearranging into new molecules plus energy.
Flashcard 25: Which molecule is the immediate energy currency that cells make from food molecules?
Answer: ATP. Cells use ATP to power all energy-requiring processes.
Flashcard 26: Identify the correct model idea: Are bonds broken, formed, or both in digestion?
Answer: Both; bonds are broken and new bonds can form. Hydrolysis breaks bonds; synthesis forms new ones.
Flashcard 27: Which statement best describes what happens to atoms during digestion and respiration?
Answer: Atoms are rearranged into new molecules; they are not destroyed. Conservation of matter: atoms recombine but aren't created or lost.
Flashcard 28: What are the products in the word equation for cellular respiration?
Answer: Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP (energy). Energy from glucose bonds is transferred to ATP bonds.
Flashcard 29: What are the reactants in the word equation for cellular respiration?
Answer: Glucose and oxygen. These molecules enter the mitochondria to produce ATP.
Flashcard 30: What is the cell process that rearranges glucose and oxygen into ATP, CO2, and H2O?
Answer: Cellular respiration. Breaks glucose bonds to release energy stored in them.