All flashcards
Flashcard 1: What is inbreeding in selective breeding?
Answer: Breeding closely related organisms to increase specific inherited traits. Concentrates desired genes but may increase harmful recessive traits.
Flashcard 2: What is embryo transfer and how can it support selective breeding programs?
Answer: Placing an embryo into a surrogate to spread desirable genetics. One female can carry embryos from superior genetics.
Flashcard 3: What is a gene therapy approach intended to do at the genetic level?
Answer: Add, replace, or repair genes to treat a genetic disorder. Introduces functional genes to fix inherited diseases.
Flashcard 4: What is cloning (asexual reproduction technology) and what does it produce genetically?
Answer: Making a genetically identical copy of an organism. Creates offspring with identical DNA to the parent.
Flashcard 5: Which option is a technology to influence inheritance: vaccination or selective breeding?
Answer: Selective breeding. Vaccination prevents disease; breeding changes genetics.
Flashcard 6: What is tissue culture (micropropagation) and how does it affect inherited traits?
Answer: Growing new plants from cells to produce clones with the same traits. Each plantlet is a genetic copy of the original.
Flashcard 7: What technology is used to insert a gene into a plant to create a GMO?
Answer: Genetic engineering (gene insertion using recombinant DNA methods). Scientists use bacteria or viruses as gene delivery vehicles.
Flashcard 8: What is recombinant DNA technology?
Answer: Combining DNA from different sources to create new genetic combinations. Scientists splice genes from multiple organisms together.
Flashcard 9: What is gene editing (such as CRISPR) used for in influencing inheritance?
Answer: Precisely changing DNA sequences to alter inherited traits. CRISPR acts like molecular scissors to cut and edit genes.
Flashcard 10: What is hybridization in plant or animal breeding?
Answer: Crossing two different varieties to combine desired traits in offspring. Creates offspring with mixed traits from both parent varieties.
Flashcard 11: What is selective breeding as a technology humans use to influence inherited traits?
Answer: Choosing parents with desired traits to produce offspring with those traits. Humans control mating to pass on specific characteristics.
Flashcard 12: What is cloning (asexual reproduction technology) used to do?
Answer: Make a genetically identical copy of an organism. Produces offspring without sexual reproduction or genetic variation.
Flashcard 13: What is CRISPR used for in trait inheritance technology?
Answer: Precisely editing DNA to add, remove, or change specific genes. Acts like molecular scissors to cut and modify DNA sequences.
Flashcard 14: What is gene therapy intended to do?
Answer: Treat disease by adding, replacing, or repairing genes in body cells. Corrects genetic defects at the molecular level.
Flashcard 15: What technology inserts a gene from one species into another to change traits?
Answer: Transgenic genetic engineering (gene transfer between species). Breaks species barriers to create new trait combinations.
Flashcard 16: Which option is used to produce many identical plants quickly: tissue culture or hybridization?
Answer: Tissue culture. Tissue culture clones plants while hybridization mixes traits.
Flashcard 17: What is embryo selection intended to do in assisted reproduction?
Answer: Choose an embryo with desired genetic traits before implantation. Screens embryos for genetic diseases or preferred traits.
Flashcard 18: Identify the technology: inserting a bacterial gene into corn to resist insect pests.
Answer: Genetic engineering (transgenic GMO). Cross-species gene transfer creates pest-resistant crops.
Flashcard 19: Identify the technology: breeding two high-milk cows together to increase milk yield in calves.
Answer: Selective breeding (artificial selection). Traditional breeding selects existing traits without gene modification.
Flashcard 20: What is in vitro fertilization (IVF) as a reproductive technology?
Answer: Fertilizing an egg outside the body and implanting the embryo. Combines egg and sperm in a lab when natural conception fails.
Flashcard 21: Which option is a technology that changes DNA directly: selective breeding or CRISPR?
Answer: CRISPR. CRISPR edits genes while selective breeding only chooses existing traits.
Flashcard 22: What is a DNA test commonly used for when studying inherited traits?
Answer: Identifying specific genes or alleles an organism carries. Reveals genetic makeup to predict inherited characteristics.
Flashcard 23: Which option creates genetically identical offspring: cloning or hybridization?
Answer: Cloning. Cloning copies DNA exactly while hybridization combines different DNA.
Flashcard 24: What is artificial insemination as a breeding technology?
Answer: Placing sperm into a female to produce offspring from chosen parents. Allows breeding without natural mating between animals.
Flashcard 25: What is genetic engineering in the context of changing inherited traits?
Answer: Directly altering an organism’s DNA to change inherited traits. Scientists use tools to modify genetic code.
Flashcard 26: What is hybridization in agriculture as a tool to influence inheritance?
Answer: Crossing genetically different parents to produce a hybrid with desired traits. Combines best traits from two parent varieties.
Flashcard 27: What is inbreeding and why is it used to influence trait inheritance?
Answer: Breeding close relatives to fix specific traits in a line. Increases trait consistency but can cause genetic problems.
Flashcard 28: What is crossbreeding and what is its purpose in changing inherited traits?
Answer: Breeding two different varieties to combine desired traits in offspring. Mating organisms from different breeds creates hybrid vigor.
Flashcard 29: What is artificial selection (in genetics) and how does it influence trait inheritance?
Answer: Human-directed selection that increases desired inherited traits in a population. Humans choose which organisms reproduce over many generations.
Flashcard 30: Identify the technology: producing many identical plants from one plant’s cells in a lab.
Answer: Tissue culture (micropropagation). Growing clones from single cells preserves exact genetics.