Gene Changes Affect Proteins - Middle School Life Science
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What is a silent mutation’s effect on the protein sequence?
What is a silent mutation’s effect on the protein sequence?
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No amino acid change in the protein. Different codon still codes for the same amino acid.
No amino acid change in the protein. Different codon still codes for the same amino acid.
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What is a frameshift mutation?
What is a frameshift mutation?
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An insertion or deletion that shifts the mRNA reading frame. Changes how codons group, altering all downstream amino acids.
An insertion or deletion that shifts the mRNA reading frame. Changes how codons group, altering all downstream amino acids.
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What is transcription?
What is transcription?
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Copying a genes DNA sequence into mRNA. RNA polymerase reads DNA and builds a complementary RNA strand.
Copying a genes DNA sequence into mRNA. RNA polymerase reads DNA and builds a complementary RNA strand.
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What is translation?
What is translation?
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Using mRNA codons to assemble a chain of amino acids. Ribosomes read mRNA triplets and link matching amino acids together.
Using mRNA codons to assemble a chain of amino acids. Ribosomes read mRNA triplets and link matching amino acids together.
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What is a gene in the context of making proteins?
What is a gene in the context of making proteins?
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A DNA sequence that codes for a protein or functional RNA. Contains instructions for building specific proteins or RNAs.
A DNA sequence that codes for a protein or functional RNA. Contains instructions for building specific proteins or RNAs.
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Identify the mutation type: adding 1 nucleotide shifts all later codons.
Identify the mutation type: adding 1 nucleotide shifts all later codons.
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Frameshift mutation (insertion). Single base addition disrupts triplet reading pattern.
Frameshift mutation (insertion). Single base addition disrupts triplet reading pattern.
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Identify the mutation type: a base change creates a stop codon in the mRNA.
Identify the mutation type: a base change creates a stop codon in the mRNA.
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Nonsense mutation. UAA, UAG, or UGA replaces a normal codon, ending translation early.
Nonsense mutation. UAA, UAG, or UGA replaces a normal codon, ending translation early.
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What is the most direct way a gene change can alter protein function?
What is the most direct way a gene change can alter protein function?
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By changing the amino acid sequence and thus the protein’s shape. Different amino acids fold differently, altering protein function.
By changing the amino acid sequence and thus the protein’s shape. Different amino acids fold differently, altering protein function.
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What is a nonsense mutation’s effect on the protein sequence?
What is a nonsense mutation’s effect on the protein sequence?
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A premature stop codon causes an early, shorter protein. Creates UAA, UAG, or UGA codons that terminate translation.
A premature stop codon causes an early, shorter protein. Creates UAA, UAG, or UGA codons that terminate translation.
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What is a missense mutation’s effect on the protein sequence?
What is a missense mutation’s effect on the protein sequence?
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One amino acid is changed to a different amino acid. Codon change results in a different amino acid substitution.
One amino acid is changed to a different amino acid. Codon change results in a different amino acid substitution.
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Which mutation type removes nucleotide(s) from a gene sequence?
Which mutation type removes nucleotide(s) from a gene sequence?
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Deletion. Removes bases from the original DNA sequence.
Deletion. Removes bases from the original DNA sequence.
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Which mutation type adds extra nucleotide(s) into a gene sequence?
Which mutation type adds extra nucleotide(s) into a gene sequence?
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Insertion. Adds bases between existing nucleotides in the sequence.
Insertion. Adds bases between existing nucleotides in the sequence.
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Which mutation type changes one DNA base to another base?
Which mutation type changes one DNA base to another base?
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Substitution (point mutation). Replaces one nucleotide with a different nucleotide.
Substitution (point mutation). Replaces one nucleotide with a different nucleotide.
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What does a mutation mean in a gene?
What does a mutation mean in a gene?
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A change in the DNA nucleotide sequence. Alters the genetic code that determines protein structure.
A change in the DNA nucleotide sequence. Alters the genetic code that determines protein structure.
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What is translation?
What is translation?
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Using mRNA codons to assemble amino acids into a polypeptide. Ribosomes read mRNA triplets to build protein chains.
Using mRNA codons to assemble amino acids into a polypeptide. Ribosomes read mRNA triplets to build protein chains.
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What is transcription?
What is transcription?
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Making an mRNA copy of a gene’s DNA sequence. RNA polymerase reads DNA to create messenger RNA.
Making an mRNA copy of a gene’s DNA sequence. RNA polymerase reads DNA to create messenger RNA.
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What is the central dogma pathway from gene to protein?
What is the central dogma pathway from gene to protein?
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DNA is transcribed to mRNA, and mRNA is translated to protein. Information flows from DNA through RNA to make proteins.
DNA is transcribed to mRNA, and mRNA is translated to protein. Information flows from DNA through RNA to make proteins.
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What is a silent mutation?
What is a silent mutation?
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A DNA change that does not change the amino acid sequence. Multiple codons can code for the same amino acid due to redundancy.
A DNA change that does not change the amino acid sequence. Multiple codons can code for the same amino acid due to redundancy.
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What is an allele, and how can different alleles affect proteins?
What is an allele, and how can different alleles affect proteins?
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Different versions of a gene that can produce different proteins. Alleles are gene variants; different sequences make different proteins.
Different versions of a gene that can produce different proteins. Alleles are gene variants; different sequences make different proteins.
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Identify the best model to show how a premature stop affects a protein.
Identify the best model to show how a premature stop affects a protein.
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A shortened amino acid chain ending early at a stop codon. Shows how stop codons truncate proteins, losing functional domains.
A shortened amino acid chain ending early at a stop codon. Shows how stop codons truncate proteins, losing functional domains.
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Which mutation type is most likely to leave a protein unchanged in function?
Which mutation type is most likely to leave a protein unchanged in function?
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Silent mutation. The amino acid sequence remains identical despite the DNA change.
Silent mutation. The amino acid sequence remains identical despite the DNA change.
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What does it mean when a protein loses function after a mutation?
What does it mean when a protein loses function after a mutation?
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The altered amino acid sequence changed folding or the active site. Mutations disrupted the 3D structure required for proper function.
The altered amino acid sequence changed folding or the active site. Mutations disrupted the 3D structure required for proper function.
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What is the relationship between amino acid order and protein shape?
What is the relationship between amino acid order and protein shape?
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Amino acid sequence determines folding, and folding determines shape. The sequence creates the 3D structure needed for protein function.
Amino acid sequence determines folding, and folding determines shape. The sequence creates the 3D structure needed for protein function.
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Identify the most likely outcome of a frameshift early in a gene.
Identify the most likely outcome of a frameshift early in a gene.
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Many downstream amino acids change; protein often becomes nonfunctional. Shifting the reading frame scrambles all codons after the mutation.
Many downstream amino acids change; protein often becomes nonfunctional. Shifting the reading frame scrambles all codons after the mutation.
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Which model best shows how a substitution can change a protein?
Which model best shows how a substitution can change a protein?
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Codon chart mapping changed codon to a different amino acid. Shows how changing one base changes the codon and its amino acid.
Codon chart mapping changed codon to a different amino acid. Shows how changing one base changes the codon and its amino acid.
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