All flashcards
Flashcard 1: Identify the term for a cell division process that makes gametes with half the chromosomes.
Answer: Meiosis. Reduces chromosome number from diploid to haploid.
Flashcard 2: Which option best describes a clone: produced by sexual reproduction or asexual reproduction?
Answer: Asexual reproduction. Only one parent means identical genetic copies.
Flashcard 3: What process creates new gene combinations during sexual reproduction?
Answer: Meiosis and fertilization (recombination and combining gametes). These processes shuffle and combine parental genes.
Flashcard 4: What is the main source of genetic differences among offspring in asexual reproduction?
Answer: Mutations during DNA replication. Random errors in copying DNA create variation.
Flashcard 5: Which type of reproduction usually produces the least genetic variation in offspring?
Answer: Asexual reproduction. Single parent means no gene mixing occurs.
Flashcard 6: Which type of reproduction usually produces the greatest genetic variation in offspring?
Answer: Sexual reproduction. Combining genes from two parents maximizes diversity.
Flashcard 7: Which option best fits: a population changes genetically mainly when rare mutations occur?
Answer: Asexual reproduction. Without gene mixing, only mutations cause change.
Flashcard 8: Which option best fits: offspring show many different trait combinations within one generation?
Answer: Sexual reproduction. Gene mixing creates diverse trait combinations.
Flashcard 9: Identify the genetic outcome: two parents produce genetically unique offspring; what type is it?
Answer: Sexual reproduction. Gene mixing from two sources creates uniqueness.
Flashcard 10: Identify the genetic outcome: one parent produces offspring identical to itself; what type is it?
Answer: Asexual reproduction. No second parent means no genetic mixing.
Flashcard 11: Which option describes genetic variation in sexual offspring: high or low?
Answer: High. Gene shuffling creates unique combinations.
Flashcard 12: Which option describes genetic variation in asexual offspring: high or low (excluding mutations)?
Answer: Low. Clones lack genetic mixing between individuals.
Flashcard 13: What is fertilization?
Answer: Fusion of two gametes to form a zygote with combined genetic material. Restores full chromosome number in offspring.
Flashcard 14: What is a gamete?
Answer: A sex cell (sperm or egg) carrying half the genetic information. Contains only one set of chromosomes.
Flashcard 15: Choose the correct statement: sexual reproduction uses one parent, or it typically uses two parents.
Answer: It typically uses two parents. Each parent contributes gametes with half the genes.
Flashcard 16: Choose the correct statement: asexual reproduction needs gametes, or it does not need gametes.
Answer: It does not need gametes. Single parent reproduces without sex cells.
Flashcard 17: What genetic disadvantage can asexual reproduction have in a changing environment?
Answer: Low variation can make the whole population vulnerable to change. Identical genes mean same weaknesses for all.
Flashcard 18: What genetic advantage does sexual reproduction provide in a changing environment?
Answer: Greater genetic variation increases chances some offspring survive. Diversity helps species adapt to new conditions.
Flashcard 19: Identify the term for a cell with two sets of chromosomes formed after fertilization.
Answer: Diploid (a zygote). Fertilization restores the full chromosome count.
Flashcard 20: What is the genetic relationship between parent and offspring in asexual reproduction?
Answer: Offspring are genetic clones of the single parent (except mutations). No genetic mixing occurs; offspring inherit exact DNA copy.
Flashcard 21: What is the genetic relationship between parents and offspring in sexual reproduction?
Answer: Offspring have a unique mix of genes from two parents. Genes from both parents combine during fertilization.
Flashcard 22: Which type of reproduction usually produces offspring most genetically similar to the parent?
Answer: Asexual reproduction. No genetic mixing means identical DNA is passed on.
Flashcard 23: What is the main source of new genetic differences in asexual reproduction?
Answer: Mutations. Random DNA changes are the only variation source without mixing.
Flashcard 24: What is the main reason sexual reproduction creates genetically unique offspring?
Answer: Meiosis and fertilization shuffle and combine alleles. These processes mix genetic material from both parents.
Flashcard 25: What is an allele in genetics?
Answer: A different version of a gene. Alleles are variants that code for the same trait.
Flashcard 26: What is a clone in biology?
Answer: An organism genetically identical to another organism. Clones share the same genetic information.
Flashcard 27: Which option best describes genetic outcomes of binary fission in bacteria?
Answer: Two genetically identical cells are produced (except mutations). The cell copies its DNA and splits into identical daughters.
Flashcard 28: Which option best describes why asexual populations can be more vulnerable to one disease?
Answer: Low genetic variation means many individuals share the same susceptibility. Identical genetics means identical weaknesses to threats.
Flashcard 29: Identify the correct comparison: which requires one parent, and which typically requires two parents?
Answer: Asexual: one parent; sexual: typically two parents. Sexual needs genetic material from two sources.
Flashcard 30: Choose the correct statement about genetic variation in changing environments: asexual or sexual is favored?
Answer: Sexual reproduction is often favored because variation increases survival chances. Genetic diversity helps some individuals survive new challenges.