Fertility, Mortality, and Population Growth (9B) Practice Test

A city introduces a policy providing free long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) and confidential counseling for adolescents and adults. Over 3 years, surveys show increased contraceptive uptake and fewer unintended pregnancies. No major changes occur in mortality or migration.

Demographic concept: general fertility rate (GFR; births per 1,000 women ages 15–44). Based on the policy described, what demographic change is most likely?

A researcher studies Population Z, where women’s educational attainment increased rapidly over 15 years. During the same period, average desired family size reported in surveys decreased, and age at first birth increased. Mortality and migration are stable.

Demographic concept: total fertility rate (TFR). Which trend is most consistent with the vignette?