Classical Conditioning and Associative Learning (7C) Practice Test

In a lab, classical conditioning is operationally defined as: a conditioned response (CR) emerges when a conditioned stimulus (CS) alone elicits a response after repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus (US). A metronome click (NS) is paired with a mild bitter taste (US) that produces a tongue retraction (UR). After conditioning, the click alone produces tongue retraction (CR). Which statement best explains why tongue retraction to the click is considered a conditioned response?

A lab uses conditioning to test response substitution. Classical conditioning is operationally defined as: a conditioned stimulus (CS) elicits a response after repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus (US) that elicits an unconditioned response (UR). A specific odor (NS) is paired with a strong mint lozenge (US) that produces increased salivation (UR). After training, the odor alone produces salivation (CR). Which observation would most directly support response substitution rather than a new, unrelated response?