Bar Exam (Uniform) Quiz: Damages Limitations

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Damages LimitationsQuestion 1 of 20

A motorcyclist was permanently paralyzed from the waist down due to a driver's negligence. The motorcyclist's spouse, who was not involved in the accident, brought a separate action against the negligent driver. The spouse's claim seeks damages for the fact that she must now provide constant care for the motorcyclist, and that their previously active and intimate relationship has been fundamentally altered.

What is the legal basis for the spouse's claim? Select one.

Loss of consortium, for the loss of the benefits of the marital relationship.

Negligent infliction of emotional distress, because of the emotional trauma of seeing a loved one injured.

A claim for the value of nursing services provided to the injured motorcyclist.

A derivative claim for the motorcyclist's pain and suffering.

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Bar Exam (Uniform) Quiz

Bar Exam (Uniform) Quiz: Damages Limitations

Practice Damages Limitations in Bar Exam (Uniform) with focused quiz questions that help you check what you know, review explanations, and build confidence with test-style prompts.

What this quiz covers

This quiz focuses on Damages Limitations, giving you a quick way to practice the rules, question types, and explanations that matter most for Bar Exam (Uniform).

How to use this quiz

Try each quiz question before looking at the correct answer. Use the explanations to review missed ideas, then come back to similar questions until the pattern feels familiar.

All questions

Question 1

What is the legal basis for the spouse's claim? Select one.

Loss of consortium, for the loss of the benefits of the marital relationship. (correct answer)
Negligent infliction of emotional distress, because of the emotional trauma of seeing a loved one injured.
A claim for the value of nursing services provided to the injured motorcyclist.
A derivative claim for the motorcyclist's pain and suffering.

Explanation: When you encounter tort questions involving injuries to one person that affect their family members, think about the different legal theories available to non-injured parties seeking their own damages. Loss of consortium is the correct legal basis here. This tort allows a spouse to recover for the loss of companionship, affection, sexual relations, and services they previously enjoyed in their marriage due to their partner's injury. The spouse's claim encompasses both the emotional/relational losses (intimacy, companionship) and the practical burden of providing care that wasn't previously necessary. Loss of consortium is recognized as the spouse's own independent injury, not a derivative claim. Answer B is incorrect because negligent infliction of emotional distress requires the plaintiff to either be in the "zone of danger" or witness the injury occur. Here, the spouse wasn't present at the accident and her distress stems from the ongoing consequences, not witnessing the traumatic event itself. Answer C mischaracterizes the claim. While the spouse now provides nursing care, a loss of consortium claim is much broader than just seeking reimbursement for services. It encompasses the fundamental alteration of the marital relationship, including companionship and intimacy losses that can't be reduced to a service contract. Answer D is wrong because derivative claims seek damages that belong to the injured party (like the motorcyclist's pain and suffering). Loss of consortium is the spouse's own independent harm - her personal loss of the marital relationship's benefits. Remember: Loss of consortium focuses on what the spouse has lost in the relationship, while derivative claims seek damages that technically belong to the injured party.

Question 2

A bicyclist was struck by a negligent driver and incurred $80,000 in medical expenses. The bicyclist's health insurance policy covered $75,000 of the expenses, and the bicyclist paid the remaining $5,000 out of pocket. The jurisdiction follows the traditional common law rules regarding tort damages. At trial, the driver seeks to introduce evidence that the bicyclist's insurance paid the vast majority of her medical bills.

Is the evidence of the insurance payment admissible to reduce the driver's liability for the bicyclist's medical expenses? Select one.

Yes, because the driver should only be liable for the actual out-of-pocket losses suffered by the bicyclist, which was $5,000.
No, because the collateral source rule prevents a tortfeasor from benefiting from payments the victim received from a source independent of the tortfeasor. (correct answer)
Yes, but only to prevent a double recovery; the jury would award the full $80,000, and the judge would then reduce the award by the $75,000 paid by insurance.
No, because the probative value of the insurance payment is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice to the bicyclist.

Explanation: The correct answer is B. This is a classic application of the common law collateral source rule. The rule provides that a tortfeasor is not entitled to a reduction in damages for compensation the plaintiff received from a source independent of the defendant, such as the plaintiff's own insurance. The rationale is that the defendant should not benefit from the plaintiff's foresight in obtaining insurance. A is incorrect as it states the primary argument against the collateral source rule, but it is not the law in a traditional common law jurisdiction. C describes a process used in jurisdictions that have statutorily modified or abolished the collateral source rule, but the question specifies traditional common law. D states a correct rule of evidence (FRE 403), but the more specific and dispositive legal doctrine is the collateral source rule, making B the better answer.

Question 3

A homeowner sued a chemical company, alleging that runoff from the company's plant contaminated her well water. The company had intentionally and secretly dumped toxic waste for years, knowing it would likely poison local water sources. At trial, the jury awarded the homeowner $50,000 in compensatory damages for property value diminution and medical monitoring costs. The jury also awarded $5 million in punitive damages. The company has appealed the punitive damages award as excessive.

What is the company's strongest constitutional argument for reducing the punitive damages award? Select one.

The company's conduct, while intentional, did not result in a physical injury to the homeowner, which is a prerequisite for a large punitive award.
The punitive damages award is grossly excessive and violates the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment because the ratio of punitive to compensatory damages is 100:1. (correct answer)
The amount of punitive damages is a question of fact for the jury, and an appellate court cannot substitute its judgment for the jury's.
The company has already been fined by a regulatory agency, so a punitive damage award constitutes impermissible double jeopardy.

Explanation: The correct answer is B. The U.S. Supreme Court has held that grossly excessive punitive damages violate the Due Process Clause. While there is no bright-line rule, the Court has indicated that few awards exceeding a single-digit ratio (i.e., less than 10:1) between punitive and compensatory damages will satisfy due process. A 100:1 ratio is almost certainly unconstitutionally excessive. A is incorrect because physical injury is not a prerequisite for punitive damages, especially where conduct is highly reprehensible. C is incorrect because the constitutionality of a punitive award is a matter of law subject to de novo review by appellate courts. D is incorrect because the Double Jeopardy Clause applies to successive criminal prosecutions, not to a civil punitive award following a regulatory fine.

Question 4

A man intentionally trespassed onto his neighbor's rural, wooded property by walking a few feet across the property line to retrieve a frisbee. The man caused no damage to the land or any vegetation. The neighbor, who was very protective of his property rights, sued the man for trespass.

Assuming the neighbor can prove the intentional trespass, what type of damages is he most likely to be awarded? Select one.

Punitive damages, to punish the man for his intentional tort.
Compensatory damages, measured by the diminution in the property's value.
Nominal damages, to vindicate the neighbor's right to exclusive possession of his land. (correct answer)
No damages, because the neighbor suffered no actual harm or financial loss.

Explanation: The correct answer is C. Trespass is an intentional tort that protects the right to exclusive possession of land. When a trespass occurs but causes no actual harm, the plaintiff is entitled to nominal damages (e.g., one dollar) to acknowledge that a legal right has been invaded. D is incorrect because for intentional torts like trespass, proof of actual harm is not required to have a cause of action. A is incorrect because punitive damages are typically reserved for conduct that is malicious or outrageous, and a simple trespass to retrieve a frisbee is unlikely to meet that standard. B is incorrect because compensatory damages are meant to compensate for actual loss, and here there was no diminution in value or other harm to compensate.

Question 5

What is the company's strongest constitutional argument for reducing the punitive damages award? Select one.

The company's conduct, while intentional, did not result in a physical injury to the homeowner, which is a prerequisite for a large punitive award.
The punitive damages award is grossly excessive and violates the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment because the ratio of punitive to compensatory damages is 100:1. (correct answer)
The amount of punitive damages is a question of fact for the jury, and an appellate court cannot substitute its judgment for the jury's.
The company has already been fined by a regulatory agency, so a punitive damage award constitutes impermissible double jeopardy.

Question 6

A woman was severely injured in a car accident caused by a negligent driver. She was hospitalized for two months, incurring significant medical bills and experiencing great pain and suffering before she died from her injuries. Her state has a typical survival statute and a wrongful death statute. Her husband, as executor of her estate, brought a survival action against the driver.

Which of the following damages are recoverable by the estate in the survival action? Select one.

The lost future income the woman would have earned over her expected lifetime.
The husband's personal grief and loss of his wife's companionship.
The medical expenses and pain and suffering experienced by the woman before her death. (correct answer)
The funeral and burial expenses for the woman.

Explanation: The correct answer is C. A survival action allows the decedent's estate to pursue any claims the decedent herself would have had at the time of her death. It is as if the claim 'survives' her death. This includes damages for the harm she suffered before she died, such as her medical bills, lost wages during her hospitalization, and her own pain and suffering. A is incorrect because lost future income is the hallmark of a wrongful death claim, brought by beneficiaries for their own losses. B is incorrect because the husband's personal grief and loss of companionship are also damages recoverable under a wrongful death claim, not a survival action. D, funeral expenses, can sometimes be recovered under either statute, but C represents the core damages unique to a survival action.

Question 7

A plaintiff was injured when he tripped over a broken piece of sidewalk maintained by the city. The plaintiff admits he was texting while walking and not looking where he was going. He suffered a sprained ankle. That evening, against his doctor's explicit instructions to stay off the ankle, he went dancing, which severely aggravated the injury, requiring surgery. The jurisdiction applies traditional common law tort principles.

How will a court likely treat the plaintiff's conduct of texting while walking and his conduct of going dancing? Select one.

Both actions will be considered under comparative negligence to reduce his overall recovery.
Both actions will be considered a failure to mitigate damages, barring recovery for any harm that could have been avoided.
The texting is irrelevant if the city was negligent, but the dancing is a superseding cause that relieves the city of all liability.
The texting is comparative negligence, which reduces his recovery for the initial injury, while the dancing is a failure to mitigate, which bars recovery for the aggravated portion of the injury. (correct answer)

Explanation: This question tests your ability to distinguish between two key tort concepts: comparative negligence and failure to mitigate damages. The timing of the plaintiff's conduct relative to the defendant's tortious act determines which doctrine applies. When analyzing the plaintiff's texting while walking, this occurred simultaneously with or before the initial injury caused by the broken sidewalk. Under traditional tort principles, this represents comparative negligence—the plaintiff's own negligent conduct that contributed to causing the original harm. Comparative negligence reduces the plaintiff's recovery proportionally based on his degree of fault in causing the initial injury. The dancing, however, occurred after the defendant's tortious conduct was complete and after the initial injury. This post-injury conduct that worsened the harm falls under the failure to mitigate damages doctrine. When a plaintiff unreasonably fails to minimize his damages after being injured, he cannot recover for the additional harm that proper mitigation would have prevented. Answer A incorrectly applies comparative negligence to both actions—but comparative negligence only applies to conduct contributing to the original injury. Answer B mischaracterizes both as mitigation failures, but texting occurred before/during the injury, not after. Answer C wrongly calls the dancing a "superseding cause" (which would break the causal chain entirely) and incorrectly states the texting is irrelevant. Answer D correctly identifies the temporal distinction: texting reduces recovery for the initial injury through comparative negligence, while dancing bars recovery only for the aggravated portion through failure to mitigate. Remember: timing matters in tort law. Pre-injury conduct = comparative negligence; post-injury conduct that worsens harm = failure to mitigate.

Question 8

An architect was wrongfully discharged from her job at a large engineering firm. Her annual salary was $120,000. Three weeks after the discharge, a competing firm in the same city offered her a substantially similar position with a salary of $125,000. The architect rejected the offer, stating that she was 'too upset to think about working' and instead decided to pursue a master's degree. One year later, she sued her former employer for breach of contract, seeking one year of lost wages.

Assuming the architect proves she was wrongfully discharged, what is the likely amount of lost wages she can recover? Select one.

The full $120,000, because her emotional distress was a direct result of the wrongful discharge.
The wages for the three-week period between her discharge and the subsequent job offer. (correct answer)
$0, because she rejected an offer for a higher-paying, comparable position.
$120,000 minus any unemployment benefits she received during the year.

Explanation: The correct answer is B. A wrongfully discharged employee has a duty to mitigate damages by making a reasonable effort to seek and accept comparable employment. Here, the architect was offered a comparable, even better, position but rejected it. Her duty to mitigate was breached at that point. She can only recover for the damages that accrued before the breach of her duty, which is the period between the firing and the rejection of the comparable offer. A is incorrect because while her distress may be real, rejecting comparable employment for that reason is generally not considered reasonable mitigation. C is incorrect because she is entitled to recover for the losses she incurred before the failure to mitigate occurred. D is incorrect because it misapplies the collateral source rule; unemployment benefits are often treated as a collateral source, and more importantly, the central issue is the failure to accept comparable employment.

Question 9

A pedestrian in a crosswalk was struck by a car. The driver of the car and the driver of a truck that illegally double-parked near the crosswalk, obstructing the view, were both found to be negligent. The jurisdiction applies a modified comparative negligence rule that bars a plaintiff's recovery if her fault is 51% or greater. The jury finds the pedestrian's total damages are $500,000 and apportions fault as follows: pedestrian 50%, car driver 30%, and truck driver 20%.

How much can the pedestrian recover in total? Select one.

$250,000. (correct answer)
$0.
$500,000.
$400,000.

Explanation: This question tests your understanding of modified comparative negligence rules and how they affect damage recovery in tort law. When you see multiple parties with different fault percentages, you need to apply the jurisdiction's specific comparative negligence standard. Under the modified comparative negligence rule described here, a plaintiff is barred from recovery only if their fault is 51% or greater. Since the pedestrian's fault is exactly 50%, they can still recover damages. However, their recovery is reduced by their percentage of fault. The calculation works as follows: Total damages of $500,000 minus the pedestrian's 50% fault equals $250,000. The pedestrian can recover this reduced amount from the negligent defendants (the car and truck drivers), who will be jointly and severally liable for the recovery amount. Looking at the wrong answers: Choice B (

0) incorrectly assumes the pedestrian is barred from recovery, but 50% fault doesn't meet the 51% threshold for complete bar. Choice C (

500,000) ignores the comparative negligence reduction entirely, giving full damages despite the pedestrian's contributory fault. Choice D ($400,000) appears to subtract only the truck driver's 20% fault rather than the pedestrian's own 50% fault. The correct answer is A ($250,000). Study tip: Always identify the specific comparative negligence rule first (pure, modified at 50%, or modified at 51%), then check if the plaintiff's fault bars recovery completely. If not barred, reduce total damages by the plaintiff's fault percentage, regardless of how fault is distributed among defendants.

Question 10

A plaintiff suffered injuries in a car accident and sued the other driver. During discovery, the defendant learns two key facts. First, the plaintiff had a pre-existing back condition that made him more susceptible to the type of injury he sustained. Second, after the accident, the plaintiff's doctor prescribed a six-week course of physical therapy, but the plaintiff only attended for one week before quitting, claiming it was inconvenient.

Which of the following legal doctrines provides the defendant with the strongest argument to limit the amount of damages owed to the plaintiff? Select one.

The avoidable consequences doctrine. (correct answer)
The thin skull plaintiff rule.
The doctrine of superseding cause.
The collateral source rule.

Explanation: This question tests your understanding of damages limitations in tort law, specifically which doctrines can reduce a defendant's liability versus those that protect plaintiffs or address causation issues. The avoidable consequences doctrine (A) provides the strongest argument here because it allows defendants to reduce damages when plaintiffs fail to take reasonable steps to minimize their harm after an injury occurs. The plaintiff's decision to quit physical therapy after only one week, despite his doctor's prescription for six weeks, directly demonstrates his failure to mitigate damages. The defendant can argue that any ongoing pain or disability beyond what would have existed with proper treatment should not be compensable. The thin skull plaintiff rule (B) actually works against the defendant's interests. This doctrine states that defendants must "take their victims as they find them," meaning the pre-existing back condition that made the plaintiff more susceptible to injury cannot be used to reduce damages. Option (C), superseding cause, is irrelevant because there's no intervening act that breaks the causal chain between the defendant's negligence and the plaintiff's injury. The collateral source rule (D) prevents defendants from reducing damages based on compensation the plaintiff receives from other sources (like insurance), which doesn't apply to these facts. When you see tort damages questions, always distinguish between doctrines that increase defendant liability (thin skull rule), those that decrease it (avoidable consequences), and those addressing causation or payment sources. The key is identifying whether the plaintiff had a reasonable opportunity to prevent additional harm after the initial injury.

Question 11

Which of the following legal doctrines provides the defendant with the strongest argument to limit the amount of damages owed to the plaintiff? Select one.

The avoidable consequences doctrine. (correct answer)
The thin skull plaintiff rule.
The doctrine of superseding cause.
The collateral source rule.

Question 12

A construction company negligently severed a major underground power line, causing a power outage to a downtown office building. A large accounting firm that leased three floors in the building had to send all of its employees home for the day, as their computers, servers, and phones were inoperable. The firm suffered no physical damage to its property. The firm sued the construction company to recover $75,000 in lost revenue for that day.

Is the accounting firm likely to prevail in its lawsuit against the construction company? Select one.

Yes, because it was foreseeable that severing a major power line would cause economic harm to businesses in the area.
Yes, because the construction company's negligence was the direct and actual cause of the firm's losses.
No, because the economic loss rule generally bars recovery for purely economic losses in negligence actions. (correct answer)
No, because the utility company that owned the power line is the only party with standing to sue the construction company.

Explanation: The correct answer is C. The economic loss rule is a significant limitation on damages in tort. It provides that a plaintiff generally cannot recover for purely economic losses (such as lost profits or lost revenue) in a negligence action unless those losses are accompanied by physical harm to the plaintiff's person or property. Here, the firm's losses were purely economic, and it suffered no property damage. A and B are incorrect because while foreseeability and causation are necessary elements of a negligence claim, they do not overcome the specific bar imposed by the economic loss rule. D is incorrect because while the utility company certainly has a claim for its damaged property, that does not preclude others from suing if they have a valid claim; the issue here is the validity of the firm's claim for this type of damage.

Question 13

A chef suffered severe burns to his hands due to a negligently maintained stove in his rented apartment. His doctor recommended a series of skin graft surgeries that had a 95% success rate and would restore most of the function to his hands. Citing a deep-seated and genuine fear of surgical procedures, the chef refused the surgery. As a result, his hands healed with significant scarring and permanent loss of dexterity, preventing him from ever working as a professional chef again. He sued the landlord for damages, including a substantial sum for future lost wages.

What is the likely effect of the chef's refusal to undergo surgery on his claim for future lost wages? Select one.

The claim will be unaffected because the chef's fear of surgery was genuine, making his refusal reasonable from his subjective perspective.
The claim will be barred entirely because the chef's refusal to undergo the recommended treatment constitutes a superseding cause of his long-term disability.
The claim will be limited to the future lost wages he would have suffered had he undergone the recommended surgery and it had been successful. (correct answer)
The claim will be reduced by the percentage of fault a jury assigns to the chef for refusing the surgery, under the principles of comparative negligence.

Explanation: The correct answer is C. This question tests the avoidable consequences doctrine, also known as the duty to mitigate damages. A plaintiff has a duty to take reasonable steps to minimize their losses after an injury. This includes submitting to reasonable medical treatment. A routine, high-success-rate surgery is generally considered reasonable treatment. The plaintiff's recovery is limited to the damages they would have suffered had they mitigated their losses. Therefore, the chef can only recover for the lost wages he would have incurred if he had the surgery. A is incorrect because the standard for reasonableness in mitigation is objective, not subjective. A genuine but objectively unreasonable fear does not excuse the duty to mitigate. B is incorrect because failure to mitigate is not a superseding cause that bars all recovery; it only reduces the amount of damages. D is incorrect because the avoidable consequences doctrine is distinct from comparative negligence, which applies to the plaintiff's conduct before or at the time of the injury, not after.

Question 14

A restaurant's new freezer, manufactured by one company and installed by another, malfunctioned and failed overnight. The restaurant owner lost $10,000 worth of perishable food. The owner sued both the manufacturer and the installer. Prior to trial, the owner settled with the installer for $3,000. The case against the manufacturer went to trial, and a jury found the manufacturer was solely liable for the full $10,000 loss. The jurisdiction retains joint and several liability and reduces a judgment by the amount of a co-tortfeasor's settlement.

What is the maximum amount the owner can now recover from the manufacturer? Select one.

$10,000, because the jury found the manufacturer solely liable.
$3,000, to match the amount paid by the settling tortfeasor.
$5,000, because liability is split equally between the two potential tortfeasors.
$7,000, because the total recovery cannot exceed the jury's verdict. (correct answer)

Explanation: When you encounter settlement and judgment questions, focus on how jurisdictions handle the interaction between settlements with some defendants and judgments against others. Here, the restaurant owner suffered $10,000 in damages and settled with the installer for $3,000 before trial. At trial, the jury found the manufacturer solely liable for the full $10,000 loss. The key rule is that this jurisdiction "reduces a judgment by the amount of a co-tortfeasor's settlement." The correct answer is D ($7,000) because you must subtract the settlement amount from the jury's verdict: $10,000 (judgment) - $3,000 (settlement) = $7,000. This prevents the owner from recovering more than their total damages through double recovery. Answer A is wrong because while the jury found the manufacturer "solely liable," this finding occurred after the installer had already settled. The settlement reduction rule still applies regardless of how the jury allocated fault at trial. Answer B incorrectly suggests the owner can only recover an amount matching the settlement. There's no such limitation—the manufacturer's liability isn't capped by what another party paid. Answer C assumes equal liability splitting, but that's not what happened here. The jury made a specific finding of sole liability, and even if liability were split, the settlement reduction would still apply to whatever judgment amount resulted. Remember: settlement reduction rules prevent double recovery while preserving the plaintiff's right to pursue remaining defendants. Always subtract settlement amounts from judgments, regardless of how fault is allocated at trial.

Question 15

How much can the pedestrian recover in total? Select one.

$250,000. (correct answer)
$0.
$500,000.
$400,000.

0) incorrectly assumes the pedestrian is barred from recovery, but 50% fault doesn't meet the 51% threshold for complete bar. Choice C (

Question 16

A farmer purchased a specialized harvesting machine for $200,000. A defect in the machine caused it to break down during the peak of the harvest season. As a result, the farmer was unable to harvest a significant portion of his crop, which rotted in the field. The farmer sued the manufacturer for negligence. The farmer claimed damages for the repair of the machine and for the value of the lost crop.

Which of the following best describes the farmer's claim for the value of the lost crop? Select one.

Consequential damages, representing foreseeable losses that resulted from the product's failure. (correct answer)
Incidental damages, representing the costs incurred in dealing with the defective product.
Punitive damages, for the manufacturer's disregard for the farmer's economic well-being.
General damages, representing harm that is presumed to flow from the wrongful act.

Explanation: When analyzing damages in negligence cases, you need to distinguish between different types of harm that flow from the defendant's wrongful conduct. The key is understanding how directly the damages relate to the initial breach and whether they were foreseeable. The farmer's lost crop represents consequential damages because these losses flowed indirectly from the machine's failure but were a foreseeable result of selling a defective harvesting machine to a farmer during harvest season. Consequential damages compensate for losses that don't stem directly from the defective product itself, but rather from the inability to use the product as intended. Here, the manufacturer could reasonably foresee that a broken harvester during peak season would cause crop loss. Looking at the wrong answers: (B) Incidental damages are the relatively minor costs of dealing with a breach, like storage fees or return shipping - not major economic losses like an entire crop. The repair costs mentioned in the passage would be incidental damages, but the crop loss is much more substantial. (C) Punitive damages require intentional or egregious conduct and are meant to punish the defendant, not compensate the plaintiff. Simple negligence in manufacturing doesn't typically warrant punitive damages. (D) General damages are those that naturally and necessarily flow from the wrongful act itself - like the cost to repair or replace the defective machine. The crop loss is too remote to be considered general damages. Remember: consequential damages require both causation and foreseeability. Ask yourself whether the defendant could have reasonably anticipated this type of harm when they acted negligently.

Question 17

How will a court likely treat the plaintiff's conduct of texting while walking and his conduct of going dancing? Select one.

Both actions will be considered under comparative negligence to reduce his overall recovery.
Both actions will be considered a failure to mitigate damages, barring recovery for any harm that could have been avoided.
The texting is irrelevant if the city was negligent, but the dancing is a superseding cause that relieves the city of all liability.
The texting is comparative negligence, which reduces his recovery for the initial injury, while the dancing is a failure to mitigate, which bars recovery for the aggravated portion of the injury. (correct answer)

Question 18

What is the legal basis for the spouse's claim? Select one.

Loss of consortium, for the loss of the benefits of the marital relationship. (correct answer)
Negligent infliction of emotional distress, because of the emotional trauma of seeing a loved one injured.
A claim for the value of nursing services provided to the injured motorcyclist.
A derivative claim for the motorcyclist's pain and suffering.

Question 19

A defendant, angry after a minor traffic dispute, intentionally shoved a 70-year-old man. The shove was moderate and would have caused a younger person to stumble but likely not fall. However, due to his age-related frailty, the man fell and broke his hip, incurring $150,000 in medical bills and suffering a permanent disability. At trial, the defendant argues that he should not be liable for the full extent of the harm because he did not intend to cause such a severe injury and the severity was unforeseeable.

What is the likely outcome of the defendant's argument? Select one.

The argument will succeed, and damages will be limited to those foreseeable from a moderate shove to an average person.
The argument will fail, because under the thin skull rule, a tortfeasor takes his victim as he finds him. (correct answer)
The argument will succeed, because the man's extreme frailty was a superseding cause of the severe injury.
The argument will fail, but only if the plaintiff can prove the defendant was aware of the man's age and frailty.

Explanation: The correct answer is B. The 'thin skull' or 'eggshell plaintiff' rule holds that a defendant is liable for all harm that results from their tortious conduct, even if the extent or severity of that harm is unforeseeable due to a plaintiff's pre-existing condition or vulnerability. The defendant's intent to cause the initial harmful or offensive contact (the shove) is sufficient. A is incorrect because it directly contradicts the thin skull rule. C is incorrect because a pre-existing condition is not a superseding cause; it is a condition upon which the defendant's tortious act operates. D is incorrect because the defendant's knowledge of the victim's specific vulnerability is not required for the rule to apply.

Question 20

In a jurisdiction with a 'pure' comparative negligence statute, a plaintiff was injured in an automobile accident. At trial, the jury found that the plaintiff's total damages were $200,000. The jury also found that the plaintiff was 80% at fault for the accident and the defendant was 20% at fault.

How much will the plaintiff recover from the defendant? Select one.

$0, because the plaintiff's fault was greater than the defendant's.
$40,000. (correct answer)
$160,000.
$200,000, with the defendant having a claim for contribution against the plaintiff.

Explanation: The correct answer is B. In a pure comparative negligence jurisdiction, a plaintiff's recovery is reduced by the percentage of their own fault, but they are not barred from recovery no matter how great their fault is. To calculate the award, you multiply the total damages by the defendant's percentage of fault ($200,000 * 20% = $40,000). A is incorrect because it describes the result under a modified comparative negligence system (e.g., a 50% or 51% bar rule), not a pure one. C incorrectly calculates the reduction based on the defendant's fault instead of the plaintiff's. D is incorrect because it ignores the reduction required by the comparative negligence statute.