Maritime Empires Established Practice Test

In the Indian Ocean world, some Asian states and merchants adapted to European intrusion by shifting alliances, strengthening coastal defenses, or redirecting trade. Meanwhile, European powers often depended on local pilots, translators, and commercial intermediaries to operate effectively in unfamiliar markets. This dynamic shows that early modern maritime empires were not built by Europeans alone. Which claim best captures this interaction?

European maritime empires often justified expansion with religious language and legal doctrines. Portuguese and Spanish rulers claimed authority to convert non-Christians and to take possession of lands encountered by their explorers. These claims were reinforced by papal decrees and treaties that divided spheres of influence between Iberian states. Which document or agreement most directly exemplifies this early modern attempt to allocate overseas territories between Spain and Portugal?