Indigenous Responses to State Expansion Practice Test

In the 1600s–1700s, French and British expansion in northeastern North America intensified competition for land and the fur trade. The Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) Confederacy sought to protect autonomy by negotiating with rival empires, forming shifting alliances, and leveraging diplomacy to maintain access to trade goods and limit encroachment. Which choice best identifies this approach to responding to expanding state power?

In the late 1800s, as U.S. federal power expanded across the Great Plains, Lakota and Cheyenne communities faced military campaigns, the reservation system, and policies pressuring children into boarding schools. Some leaders negotiated rations and land guarantees; others joined armed resistance. In 1889–1890, the Ghost Dance spread, promising the return of bison and the retreat of settlers if rituals were performed. Which response best illustrates an indigenous strategy that blended spiritual revitalization with opposition to state expansion?