Continuity and Change Practice Test

From 600 to 1450, China’s Tang and Song dynasties expanded civil service examinations and Confucian education, while also seeing the spread of Buddhism and later Neo-Confucian revival. After the Mongol Yuan interlude, the Ming restored Han Chinese rule and maintained a strong bureaucracy. Which choice best describes continuity and change in Chinese governance and ideology, 600–1450?

From 1450 to 1750, the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires used gunpowder weapons, expanded bureaucracies, and patronized Islamic institutions. At the same time, each empire developed distinctive artistic styles and state policies, such as the Safavids’ promotion of Twelver Shi‘ism and the Ottomans’ management of religious diversity through millets. Which option best illustrates continuity and change across these Islamic empires in 1450–1750?