Causes of Migration Practice Test

After a major earthquake in the 2010s, housing collapses, jobs disappear, and basic services are disrupted in a Caribbean country. Nearby states tighten border controls, but family networks abroad raise funds for travel and help newcomers find work. Many migrants cite both temporary safety and long-term economic rebuilding as reasons for leaving. Which statement best captures the causes of this migration?

A government in the early 1900s builds railroads into an interior plateau to export minerals. New stations become market towns, and recruiters offer advances for contract labor. Meanwhile, rural households face declining soil fertility from intensive cultivation and must pay school fees and taxes in cash. Many teenagers move to rail towns, returning home only for harvests. Which is the most significant cause of this migration?