Society of the South: Early Republic Practice Test

Secondary-source excerpt (early republic South): “Planters measured wealth not only in acres but in people. Enslaved laborers were mortgaged, insured, and used as collateral, allowing owners to buy more land and more enslaved workers. This financialization deepened the region’s commitment to slavery, because emancipation threatened a web of debts and investments. The resulting economy rewarded a narrow elite and exposed enslaved families to sale when markets shifted.” Which Southern development is most directly described?

Secondary-source excerpt (early republic South): “Southern honor culture prized public reputation and demanded deference in a world of sharp inequality. Elite men used duels, patronage, and courthouse politics to demonstrate status, while enslaved people faced surveillance and violence designed to prevent resistance. Evangelical revivals sometimes challenged planter arrogance, but most churches accommodated slavery, teaching obedience and reinforcing racial boundaries. The result was a society that blended republican language with authoritarian labor relations.” Which statement best captures a characteristic described in the excerpt?