Government Policies During the Civil War Practice Test

Secondary-source excerpt (Civil War policies, 1861–1865): Some historians argue that the Union government’s willingness to suspend normal legal protections demonstrated a new understanding of emergency governance. They cite arrests without immediate trial and limits on certain forms of dissent as evidence. Which civil liberty is most directly implicated by detention without prompt judicial review?

Secondary-source excerpt (Civil War policies, 1861–1865): Historians point to the Union’s new tax system as a turning point: Congress levied excise taxes on goods, created new bureaucracies to collect them, and introduced a federal income tax. These measures marked a significant expansion of federal fiscal capacity. Which development is being described?