European Colonization Practice Test

Secondary source excerpt (1607–1754): “In the Chesapeake, labor systems shifted from mixed servitude toward racial slavery as planters sought a controllable workforce for export crops. In New England, smaller farms and towns relied more on family labor, though merchants profited from Atlantic commerce. These regional differences hardened by the early 1700s, shaping social hierarchy and political power.” Which development most directly contributed to the Chesapeake shift described?

Secondary source excerpt (1607–1754): Scholars emphasize that English colonial expansion was often carried out by private colonists and companies, whereas French and Spanish colonies involved more direct royal and church structures. Which example best illustrates private initiative shaping English colonization?