Columbian Exchange, Spanish Exploration, and Conquest Practice Test

A secondary source excerpt states: “By 1607, European colonization had created new Atlantic identities. People, goods, and ideas moved across oceans: enslaved Africans carried agricultural knowledge; Europeans brought legal institutions; Native peoples influenced frontier diplomacy and trade. Yet power imbalances and violence structured these exchanges.” Which statement best describes the excerpt’s portrayal of Atlantic-world development?

A historian writes: “The introduction of horses, cattle, pigs, and sheep transformed American environments. Free-ranging animals damaged Indigenous fields and altered hunting patterns. In some regions, however, horses later increased the mobility and military capacity of Native groups, enabling new forms of trade, raiding, and intertribal politics.” Which statement best reflects a consequence of the biological exchange described?