Themes and Methods in Developmental Psychology Practice Test

Nature-only approach assuming puberty timing alone determines anxiety, regardless of stress, peers, or family support.

Longitudinal design following the same individuals across years to relate earlier puberty timing to later anxiety outcomes.

Critical-period design claiming anxiety can only form during puberty and cannot be influenced afterward.

Cross-sectional design comparing different ages at one time, which directly measures within-person links between puberty and later anxiety.