AP Psychology Quiz: Social Cognitive And Personality Trait Theories

What this quiz covers

This quiz focuses on Social Cognitive And Personality Trait Theories, giving you a quick way to practice the rules, question types, and explanations that matter most for AP Psychology.

How to use this quiz

Try each quiz question before looking at the correct answer. Use the explanations to review missed ideas, then come back to similar questions until the pattern feels familiar.

Question 1

1. Conscientiousness: low levels involve disorganization and poor self-discipline, often linked to procrastination and missed deadlines. (correct answer)
2. Agreeableness: low levels involve conflict, which is identical to being messy and procrastinating on assignments.
3. Openness: low levels involve conventional interests, which directly causes missing deadlines and being disorganized.
4. Trait absolutism: a fixed "lazy" trait fully determines outcomes, so time-management strategies cannot help at all.

Explanation: The student's messiness, procrastination, and missed deadlines indicate low conscientiousness, characterized by poor organization, reduced self-discipline, and difficulty with goal-directed behavior and time management. Low conscientiousness typically involves challenges with planning, following through on commitments, maintaining organized environments, and regulating behavior to meet deadlines and responsibilities. This trait affects academic and professional performance through its impact on task completion and reliability. This differs from agreeableness, which involves interpersonal cooperation rather than organization, and from openness, which involves intellectual curiosity rather than self-discipline. The person-situation interaction principle suggests that conscientiousness expression can be influenced by environmental structure, deadlines, and support systems. Self-efficacy involves confidence in specific capabilities, while locus of control involves beliefs about personal agency. Reciprocal determinism explains how disorganized behavior can create chaotic environments that make organization more difficult, potentially reinforcing patterns of low conscientiousness unless intervention strategies are implemented.

Question 2

1. Reciprocal determinism: cognition (belief), behavior (practice), and environment (scores/feedback) mutually influence each other over time. (correct answer)
2. External locus of control: outcomes depend on luck, so practice and confidence are unrelated to scores or feedback.
3. Openness to experience: curiosity causes practice, which automatically produces higher grades without feedback or belief changes.
4. Trait absolutism: a fixed "smart" trait causes high scores, making practice and confidence irrelevant to improvement.

Explanation: This cycle exemplifies reciprocal determinism, showing how cognition (belief "I can master this unit"), behavior (practicing more), and environment (improving scores and feedback) mutually influence each other in a reinforcing pattern. The student's initial belief motivated increased practice behavior, which created positive environmental outcomes (better scores), which strengthened confidence beliefs and motivated continued practice. This demonstrates the bidirectional nature of influence between cognitive, behavioral, and environmental factors rather than simple one-way causation. The process shows how positive cognitive beliefs can initiate behavioral changes that create environmental success, which reinforces beliefs and sustains motivated behavior. Self-efficacy involves confidence in specific capabilities but doesn't fully capture the environmental feedback component. Locus of control involves general beliefs about personal agency, while the Big Five traits describe stable personality dimensions. This dynamic interaction exemplifies how academic success develops through ongoing cycles of belief, behavior, and environmental reinforcement.

Question 3

1. Reciprocal determinism, where behavior, cognitive factors, and environment mutually influence one another; peers affect actions, actions reshape peers, beliefs guide choices. (correct answer)
2. Self-efficacy, the belief you can succeed; it does not require a three-way interaction among environment, cognition, and behavior over time.
3. Internal locus of control, believing outcomes depend on personal choices; it excludes environmental feedback and does not describe mutual influence cycles.
4. Extraversion, a stable social trait that fully determines friend groups; peers cannot change behavior because traits override situations completely.

Explanation: Reciprocal determinism, Albert Bandura's key concept, describes how behavior, cognitive/personal factors, and environmental influences continuously interact and influence each other. The teen's beliefs shape friend selection (cognition affects environment), peer groups influence behaviors (environment affects behavior), and actions reshape both beliefs and social circles (behavior affects cognition and environment). This dynamic, bidirectional causation differs from simple cause-effect models. Self-efficacy focuses on capability beliefs, while locus of control addresses outcome attributions - neither captures this complex mutual influence system. Understanding reciprocal determinism helps explain how personality develops through ongoing person-environment transactions rather than being fixed or environmentally determined.

Question 4

1. High neuroticism: tendency toward negative emotionality such as anxiety, mood swings, and stress reactivity across situations. (correct answer)
2. High conscientiousness: carefulness and organization, which causes anxiety because planning always creates worry and irritability.
3. Low agreeableness: being competitive and skeptical, which is the same as feeling overwhelmed and emotionally unstable.
4. Trait absolutism: a permanent "anxious person" identity that cannot be reduced by coping skills, support, or context changes.

Explanation: The person's frequent anxiety, irritability, and feeling easily overwhelmed indicates high neuroticism, a Big Five personality dimension characterized by negative emotionality, stress reactivity, and emotional instability. Individuals high in neuroticism tend to experience more frequent negative emotions, have stronger reactions to stressors, and may struggle with emotional regulation across various situations. This trait differs from conscientiousness, which involves organization and self-discipline, and from agreeableness, which focuses on interpersonal cooperation. The person-situation interaction principle suggests that while neuroticism represents a stable tendency toward emotional reactivity, environmental factors like social support and coping strategies can influence its expression and impact. Self-efficacy involves confidence in specific capabilities, while locus of control involves beliefs about personal agency. Reciprocal determinism explains how emotional responses can influence behavior and environmental reactions, potentially creating cycles that maintain or modify neurotic patterns.

Question 5

1. High self-efficacy: belief in one's capability to learn and perform behaviors needed, supporting persistence despite difficulty. (correct answer)
2. External locus of control: believing outcomes depend on luck, which increases persistence because effort is irrelevant.
3. Agreeableness: kindness and cooperation, which directly causes persistence on hard questions to please the teacher.
4. Trait absolutism: a fixed "persistent" trait guarantees perseverance, regardless of feedback, fatigue, or situational barriers.

Explanation: The student's statement reflects high self-efficacy, demonstrating belief in their capability to learn and persist despite challenges. This involves confidence in their ability to execute the behaviors needed for learning success, such as sustained effort, problem-solving, and adapting to difficulty. High self-efficacy typically predicts greater persistence when facing obstacles because individuals believe their efforts can eventually lead to mastery. This differs from external locus of control, which would involve attributing outcomes to luck or external factors rather than personal capability. Agreeableness involves interpersonal cooperation rather than academic persistence. The person-situation interaction principle suggests that self-efficacy beliefs can be influenced by past experiences and environmental support. The Big Five traits describe stable personality dimensions, while self-efficacy represents domain-specific confidence that can vary across different academic subjects. Reciprocal determinism explains how high self-efficacy can lead to increased effort, which produces better outcomes, reinforcing confidence beliefs and sustaining motivated behavior patterns.

Question 6

1. Self-efficacy: belief in one's ability to successfully perform the behaviors required for a specific task like presenting. (correct answer)
2. Internal locus of control: general belief outcomes depend on effort, which is identical to confidence about presenting.
3. Agreeableness: kindness toward others, which causes good presentations because audiences respond positively to polite speakers.
4. Trait absolutism: a fixed "good speaker" trait guarantees presentation success, so practice and feedback are unnecessary.

Explanation: The student's confident statement and subsequent practice behavior directly demonstrates self-efficacy, which refers to belief in one's capability to successfully perform specific behaviors required for particular outcomes like giving presentations. The student's confidence in presentation ability motivated practice behavior, which led to actual improvement, illustrating how self-efficacy beliefs can influence effort and performance. Self-efficacy is task-specific and involves confidence in behavioral capability rather than general optimism or personality traits. This differs from internal locus of control, which involves broader beliefs about personal agency across situations, and from agreeableness, which involves interpersonal cooperation rather than performance confidence. The person-situation interaction principle suggests that self-efficacy beliefs can be influenced by past experiences, modeling, and environmental feedback in specific domains. The Big Five traits describe stable personality dimensions, while self-efficacy represents domain-specific confidence that can vary across different performance contexts. Reciprocal determinism explains how self-efficacy beliefs can motivate behavior that produces outcomes reinforcing confidence.

Question 7

1. Reciprocal determinism: behavior (joining, speaking), environment (praise), and cognition (confidence) influence each other over time. (correct answer)
2. Self-efficacy: belief in ability, which alone explains changes without needing environmental feedback or behavior changes.
3. External locus of control: belief that outcomes are due to luck, which best explains gaining confidence after praise.
4. Trait absolutism: an unchanging "confident" trait caused the praise and speaking, regardless of club context or practice.

Explanation: This scenario illustrates reciprocal determinism, showing how behavior (joining the club, speaking), environment (receiving praise), and cognition (confidence) mutually influence each other in an ongoing cycle. The teen's initial behavior of joining created new environmental opportunities, which led to positive feedback that influenced cognitive beliefs about capability, which then motivated more speaking behavior. This demonstrates the bidirectional nature of influence between these three factors rather than simple one-way causation. The process shows how environmental responses can shape cognitive beliefs, which influence future behavior choices, creating a reinforcing cycle of positive change. Self-efficacy involves confidence in specific capabilities but doesn't fully capture the environmental feedback component. Locus of control involves beliefs about personal agency, while the Big Five traits describe stable personality dimensions. This dynamic interaction exemplifies how psychological change occurs through ongoing person-environment transactions.

Question 8

1. Neuroticism: predisposition toward negative emotions such as anxiety, vulnerability to stress, and heightened emotional reactivity. (correct answer)
2. Extraversion: social engagement and assertiveness, which is identical to worry because social people think a lot about others.
3. Openness: curiosity and imagination, which directly causes threat sensitivity because creative minds always anticipate danger.
4. Trait absolutism: a permanently "worried" personality cannot be changed by therapy, coping skills, or supportive environments.

Explanation: Neuroticism is most associated with being sensitive to threats and experiencing frequent worry. This Big Five personality dimension involves a predisposition toward negative emotions, including anxiety, vulnerability to stress, and heightened emotional reactivity to potential dangers or challenges. Individuals high in neuroticism tend to perceive threats more readily, worry more frequently about potential negative outcomes, and experience stronger emotional responses to stressors. This trait differs from extraversion, which involves social energy, and from openness, which involves intellectual curiosity rather than threat sensitivity. The person-situation interaction principle suggests that while neuroticism represents a stable tendency toward negative emotionality, environmental factors like social support and coping strategies can influence its expression and impact. Self-efficacy involves confidence in specific capabilities, while locus of control involves beliefs about personal agency. Reciprocal determinism explains how worry patterns can influence behavior and environmental interactions, potentially creating cycles that maintain or modify anxious responses over time.

Question 9

1. Reciprocal determinism: cognition (self-talk), behavior (effort), and environment (grades/pressure) interact, reinforcing the cycle. (correct answer)
2. Internal locus of control: believing outcomes depend on effort, which would typically increase studying rather than reduce it.
3. Agreeableness: cooperation causes pressure and poor grades because agreeable students always accept negative feedback.
4. Trait absolutism: an unchangeable "low ability" trait causes grades, making self-talk and parental pressure irrelevant.

Explanation: This pattern illustrates reciprocal determinism, showing how cognition (negative self-talk), behavior (reduced effort), and environment (poor grades and parental pressure) interact in a reinforcing cycle that maintains academic difficulties. The student's negative cognitive beliefs influence behavioral choices (lower effort), which create negative environmental outcomes (poor grades), which trigger additional environmental pressure and confirm negative beliefs. This demonstrates how psychological patterns can become self-perpetuating through ongoing bidirectional influences between cognitive, behavioral, and environmental factors. The process shows how negative cognitions can initiate behavioral changes that create environmental responses, which reinforce the original negative beliefs. Internal locus of control would typically increase rather than decrease effort. Self-efficacy involves confidence in specific capabilities, while the Big Five traits describe stable personality dimensions. This dynamic interaction exemplifies how academic problems can develop and maintain through ongoing cycles of negative cognition, reduced behavior, and environmental reinforcement.

Question 10

1. Neuroticism, reflecting emotional instability, anxiety, and vulnerability to stress; frequent worry and tension align with this Big Five dimension. (correct answer)
2. Conscientiousness, because worrying always means being responsible; anxiety guarantees perfect performance and never changes with workplace demands or support.
3. Agreeableness, because stress responses mainly indicate compassion; anxiety is best explained by being cooperative rather than emotional reactivity.
4. External locus of control, because feeling stressed automatically means believing outcomes are due to luck; emotions directly equal control beliefs.

Explanation: Neuroticism reflects emotional instability, anxiety proneness, vulnerability to stress, and negative affectivity. The coworker's anxiety, stress sensitivity, and frequent worry align perfectly with high neuroticism. This trait predicts greater reactivity to stressors, longer recovery from negative events, and heightened vigilance for threats. Neuroticism differs from conscientiousness (organization), agreeableness (cooperation), and represents emotional tendencies rather than beliefs about control. While situations influence neuroticism expression - supportive environments may reduce anxiety - individuals high in neuroticism consistently show greater emotional reactivity across contexts compared to those low in this trait.

Question 11

1. Conscientiousness, because working hard and planning carefully creates social energy, making someone enjoy parties in every context.
2. Extraversion, because it involves sociability, positive affect, and assertiveness, often preferring stimulation and frequent interaction with others. (correct answer)
3. Agreeableness, because being polite and cooperative is identical to being outgoing, so kind people always seek large groups.
4. Neuroticism, because emotional sensitivity causes high energy, proving anxious people consistently prefer crowds regardless of setting.

Explanation: Extraversion is the Big Five trait characterized by high energy, assertiveness, sociability, and positive emotionality, with extraverts typically seeking stimulation and enjoying interaction with others. People high in extraversion tend to be talkative, enthusiastic, and comfortable in social situations, often taking leadership roles and preferring activities involving many people. This trait encompasses both social aspects (enjoying large gatherings) and temperamental aspects (high energy, assertiveness). While conscientiousness relates to organization, agreeableness to cooperation, and neuroticism to negative emotions, extraversion specifically captures the outgoing, energetic, socially dominant behavior described. Extraverts gain energy from social interaction and external stimulation, making them naturally drawn to large gatherings and group activities.

Question 12

1. Traits are completely fixed and predict behavior perfectly; a conscientious person will always be punctual, regardless of context or constraints.
2. Behavior results only from the environment; personality traits like OCEAN are irrelevant once you know the situation someone is in.
3. Traits influence typical behavior, but situations also matter; the same person may act differently depending on context, expectations, and cultural norms. (correct answer)
4. Reciprocal determinism means traits alone control environment and thoughts, so situations cannot change behavior once personality is measured.

Explanation: The person-situation interaction perspective recognizes that both stable personality traits and situational factors influence behavior, rejecting both pure trait determinism and pure situationism. This view acknowledges that while traits like the Big Five provide general tendencies, actual behavior emerges from the interaction between personality and context. For example, a conscientious person typically arrives on time but might be late due to unexpected circumstances, or an introvert might act outgoing at a close friend's party. This perspective aligns with social-cognitive theories like reciprocal determinism, which emphasize dynamic interactions between personal factors, behavior, and environment. The correct answer C captures this nuanced view that traits influence typical patterns while situations, cultural norms, and expectations also shape how personality is expressed.

Question 13

1. Extraversion: sociability, assertiveness, and sensation-seeking tendencies that often involve enjoying new social interactions. (correct answer)
2. Openness: liking ideas and aesthetics, which is identical to excitement-seeking and constant socializing with strangers.
3. Conscientiousness: discipline and planning, which causes excitement-seeking because organized people schedule thrilling activities.
4. Trait absolutism: a permanent "party person" trait guarantees excitement-seeking regardless of fatigue, culture, or responsibilities.

Explanation: Extraversion best predicts enjoying meeting new people and seeking excitement. This Big Five personality dimension involves sociability, assertiveness, positive emotionality, and sensation-seeking tendencies that often manifest as enjoyment of social interactions and stimulating experiences. Extraverted individuals typically feel energized by social contact, actively seek out new social connections, and gravitate toward exciting or stimulating activities and environments. This trait involves both social energy and preference for higher levels of stimulation and activity. This differs from openness, which involves intellectual curiosity rather than social excitement-seeking, and from conscientiousness, which involves organization and self-discipline rather than social engagement. The person-situation interaction principle acknowledges that while extraversion represents a stable tendency, its expression can be influenced by cultural norms and social opportunities. Self-efficacy involves confidence in specific capabilities, while locus of control involves beliefs about personal agency. Reciprocal determinism suggests that extraverted behavior can create positive social environments that reinforce continued social engagement.

Question 14

1. Conscientiousness: tendency to be organized, responsible, and persistent, often associated with reliability and goal-directed behavior. (correct answer)
2. Agreeableness: being warm and cooperative, which is identical to reliability and always meeting commitments in every situation.
3. Extraversion: sociability and assertiveness, which guarantees follow-through because outgoing people are naturally disciplined.
4. Trait absolutism: a permanent "responsible" trait ensures perfect dependability regardless of workload, stress, or cultural expectations.

Explanation: Conscientiousness most closely relates to being dependable and following through on commitments. This Big Five personality dimension involves self-discipline, organization, reliability, and goal-directed behavior, often demonstrated through consistent follow-through on responsibilities and promises. Conscientious individuals typically plan ahead, meet deadlines, and maintain commitments even when facing obstacles or competing priorities. This trait differs from agreeableness, which involves interpersonal cooperation but doesn't specifically predict reliability, and from extraversion, which involves social energy rather than dependability. The person-situation interaction principle suggests that while conscientiousness represents a stable tendency toward responsible behavior, environmental factors like workload and social expectations can influence its expression. Self-efficacy involves confidence in specific capabilities, while locus of control involves beliefs about personal agency. Reciprocal determinism explains how dependable behavior can create positive environmental responses that reinforce continued responsible behavior patterns.

Question 15

1. Agreeableness: being cooperative, considerate, and empathetic, which can occur even when someone is quiet or reserved. (correct answer)
2. Extraversion: talkativeness and social energy, which is the same as politeness and consideration toward others.
3. Neuroticism: anxiety and moodiness, which directly causes politeness because worried people always act considerate.
4. Trait absolutism: a fixed "nice" trait guarantees polite behavior in all contexts, regardless of stress or conflict.

Explanation: The person's combination of politeness and consideration with quiet reservation clearly indicates high agreeableness, demonstrating that this Big Five trait can manifest independently of extraversion levels. Agreeableness involves empathy, cooperation, trust, and concern for others' well-being, which can be expressed through considerate behavior regardless of social energy or talkativeness. This shows that personality dimensions operate independently - someone can be highly agreeable (polite, considerate) while also being introverted (quiet, reserved). This differs from extraversion, which specifically involves social energy and talkativeness, and from neuroticism, which involves emotional instability rather than prosocial behavior. The person-situation interaction principle acknowledges that while agreeableness represents a stable tendency toward prosocial behavior, its expression can vary across different contexts and relationships. Self-efficacy involves confidence in specific capabilities, while locus of control involves beliefs about personal agency. This example illustrates the importance of considering multiple personality dimensions simultaneously.

Question 16

1. Openness to experience: appreciation for novelty, aesthetics, and complex ideas, often linked to creativity and exploration. (correct answer)
2. Agreeableness: kindness and cooperation, which is identical to enjoying art and philosophy to keep others comfortable.
3. Conscientiousness: orderliness and self-control, which causes interest in art because organized people prefer museums.
4. Trait absolutism: a fixed "artistic type" ensures these interests regardless of culture, education, or exposure.

Explanation: The person's enjoyment of abstract art, new cuisines, and philosophical discussions indicates high openness to experience, a Big Five personality dimension characterized by intellectual curiosity, aesthetic appreciation, and preference for novelty and complexity. Individuals high in openness tend to seek out new experiences, appreciate art and beauty, engage with abstract ideas, and show creativity in their thinking and interests. This trait involves both intellectual and experiential curiosity, often manifesting as appreciation for cultural diversity and unconventional ideas. This differs from agreeableness, which involves interpersonal cooperation, and from conscientiousness, which involves organization and self-discipline. The person-situation interaction principle acknowledges that while openness represents a stable tendency, its expression can be influenced by cultural and educational opportunities. Self-efficacy involves confidence in specific capabilities, while locus of control involves beliefs about personal agency. Reciprocal determinism suggests that openness can lead to seeking diverse environments that further reinforce intellectual curiosity.

Question 17

1. Reciprocal determinism: prior environment response influences cognition, which changes behavior, potentially shaping future classroom reactions. (correct answer)
2. Openness to experience: curiosity about new ideas, which explains avoidance of speaking because novelty feels unnecessary.
3. External locus of control: believing outcomes are random, so she avoids answering because effort never matters in class.
4. Trait absolutism: a fixed "shy" trait causes silence in every context, regardless of classroom reactions or expectations.

Explanation: This situation exemplifies reciprocal determinism, showing how the student's environment (classmates laughing), cognition (expecting ridicule), and behavior (avoiding participation) interact in a continuous feedback loop. The initial environmental response shaped her cognitive expectations, which now influence her behavioral choices, potentially creating future environmental reactions that confirm her beliefs. This dynamic interaction demonstrates how past experiences create cognitive schemas that guide future behavior, which in turn shapes the social environment. The process illustrates how thoughts, behaviors, and environmental factors mutually influence each other over time rather than operating independently. While self-efficacy involves confidence in specific abilities and locus of control involves beliefs about personal agency, reciprocal determinism specifically addresses the ongoing bidirectional influences between cognitive, behavioral, and environmental factors in shaping psychological and behavioral patterns.

Question 18

1. Big Five trait theory: describing personality using Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism dimensions. (correct answer)
2. Social-cognitive theory: explaining behavior only through reinforcement histories, without traits or cognitive expectations playing any role.
3. Reciprocal determinism: a measurement test where OCEAN scores directly cause behaviors without environmental feedback.
4. Trait absolutism: assuming OCEAN traits are completely fixed and determine behavior identically across all situations and cultures.

Explanation: The researcher is using the Big Five trait theory, which describes personality using five broad dimensions: Openness to experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism (OCEAN). This approach provides a comprehensive framework for measuring and comparing individual differences in personality across these stable dimensions. The Big Five model represents decades of research identifying consistent patterns in how people differ in their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. This differs from social-cognitive theory, which emphasizes learning, cognition, and situation-behavior interactions rather than stable traits. While reciprocal determinism explains how behavior, cognition, and environment influence each other, the Big Five focuses on measuring individual differences in personality characteristics. The person-situation interaction principle acknowledges that while traits influence behavior tendencies, situational factors also play important roles in determining specific behavioral expressions across different contexts.

Question 19

1. External locus of control: perceiving outcomes as controlled by outside forces such as teacher bias, luck, or unfair systems. (correct answer)
2. Internal locus of control: believing outcomes are mainly determined by personal effort, so unfair grading would be irrelevant.
3. Self-efficacy: confidence in one's ability to complete tasks, which automatically implies teachers will grade fairly.
4. Trait absolutism: a fixed "victim" trait causes constant unfairness everywhere, regardless of evidence or changing environments.

Explanation: The student's statement reflects external locus of control, characterized by the belief that outcomes are primarily determined by forces outside one's personal influence, such as teacher bias, luck, or unfair systems. This cognitive orientation involves attributing results to external factors rather than personal actions or efforts. External locus of control contrasts with internal locus of control, where individuals believe their actions significantly influence outcomes. This belief system can impact motivation and academic engagement, as students may feel their efforts won't meaningfully affect results. The person-situation interaction principle suggests that locus of control beliefs can be influenced by environmental feedback over time. Self-efficacy involves confidence in specific capabilities, while the Big Five traits describe broad personality dimensions. Reciprocal determinism explains how beliefs, behaviors, and environmental responses interact to reinforce or modify these cognitive orientations over time.

Question 20

1. Openness to experience: preference for novelty, intellectual curiosity, creativity, and appreciation of art and complex ideas. (correct answer)
2. Conscientiousness: organization and self-discipline, which mainly reflects being neat and punctual rather than curiosity and imagination.
3. Agreeableness: warmth and cooperation, which causes people to like new ideas solely to avoid conflict with others.
4. Trait absolutism: a permanently "creative type" personality that cannot be shaped by education, culture, or changing environments.

Explanation: The friend's imaginative, curious nature and enjoyment of new ideas indicates high openness to experience, a Big Five personality dimension characterized by intellectual curiosity, creativity, and appreciation for novelty and complex ideas. Individuals high in openness tend to be imaginative, artistically sensitive, and intellectually curious, often seeking out new experiences and unconventional ideas. This trait differs from conscientiousness, which involves organization and self-discipline, and from agreeableness, which focuses on interpersonal cooperation. The person-situation interaction suggests that while openness represents a stable tendency, its expression can be influenced by environmental factors such as educational opportunities and cultural values. Self-efficacy refers to task-specific confidence rather than general intellectual curiosity, and locus of control involves beliefs about personal agency rather than openness to experiences.