Theories of Development Practice Test

Secondary source excerpt (world-systems theory): In Wallerstein’s world-systems theory, the global economy is structured into a core of high-wage, capital-intensive states, a periphery supplying low-wage labor and raw materials, and a semi-periphery that mixes both roles and can stabilize the system by absorbing pressure from the extremes. In a class simulation, Country X exports copper and coffee, relies on foreign-owned mines, and has low wages; Country Y designs microchips and provides financial services; Country Z assembles electronics for export but is also developing its own domestic firms. Which option best applies world-systems theory to these countries?

A 110-word secondary-source excerpt describes Rostow’s modernization theory: societies move through five stages—traditional society, preconditions for takeoff, takeoff, drive to maturity, and age of high mass consumption—driven by investment, technological diffusion, and shifting labor from agriculture to industry and services. In a hypothetical dataset, Country Y shows rising savings rates, rapid factory growth, and major infrastructure spending over two decades, while most households still lack consumer durables. According to Rostow, which stage best fits Country Y?