The Industrial Revolution Practice Test

Secondary source excerpt (geographic perspective): In the late 1700s, Britain became the earliest core of industrialization because coal and iron deposits lay near navigable rivers and ports, reducing transport costs for bulky fuel and ore. Textile production clustered where waterpower and later steam engines could be supplied reliably, and finished cloth could be shipped quickly through Atlantic-facing ports. From these concentrated regions, industrial methods diffused unevenly—first to nearby parts of Western Europe and the northeastern United States—following trade ties, capital networks, and access to similar energy resources.

Which statement best captures the excerpt’s main geographic argument about the Industrial Revolution?

Secondary source excerpt (geographic perspective): The Industrial Revolution spread unevenly. Western Europe and parts of North America industrialized early due to capital investment, state support for infrastructure, and access to energy sources, while many regions in Africa, Asia, and Latin America were incorporated into the industrial world economy mainly as suppliers of raw materials. This created a core–periphery pattern in which manufacturing and technological innovation clustered in a few regions, deepening global economic disparities.

Which statement best reflects the excerpt’s core–periphery argument?