Changes from the World Economy Practice Test

Secondary source excerpt (global economy change—industrialization in periphery/semi-periphery, 75–125 words):

As multinational firms expanded supply networks, several semi-peripheral states built export-oriented manufacturing clusters in apparel, electronics assembly, and automotive parts. Governments invested in ports, industrial parks, and workforce training to compete for contracts, and rural-to-urban migrants filled new factory jobs. While wages often exceeded those in subsistence agriculture, workplaces could remain vulnerable to downturns when orders shifted to competing countries. Over time, some regions moved from basic assembly toward more complex manufacturing and domestic supplier development.

Which broader trend does the excerpt illustrate?​

Secondary source excerpt (global economy change—deindustrialization in core countries, 75–125 words):

In many older manufacturing belts, factory closures accelerated as firms faced global competition and relocated production to lower-cost regions. Cities that once relied on steel, automobiles, or shipbuilding experienced falling union membership, declining tax bases, and population loss as younger workers moved away. Vacant industrial land and underused rail spurs became common, while local governments sought redevelopment through logistics, health care, and higher education. Although some high-tech manufacturing remained, the overall share of employment in traditional heavy industry shrank sharply.

Which term best matches the change described?​