Challenges of Urban Sustainability Practice Test

Secondary-source excerpt embedded for context (air pollution, 102 words): Transportation scholars note that attempts to reduce urban air pollution often fail when policies focus narrowly on tailpipe technology while land-use patterns continue to lengthen commutes. Low-density development can increase vehicle kilometers traveled, offsetting per-vehicle emissions gains. At the same time, restricting older vehicles without providing affordable alternatives can burden lower-income workers who rely on them. Analysts therefore argue for a package that links cleaner fleets with public transit investment, walkable land use, and equity measures such as targeted subsidies or scrappage programs.

Which policy package best aligns with the excerpt?

A secondary-source report on City F notes that new high-rise construction has increased electricity demand for elevators, ventilation, and lighting, while older neighborhoods still rely on inefficient window AC units. The report emphasizes that demand is uneven across building types and income groups. Which policy best addresses energy consumption while accounting for this unevenness?