The Scientific Revolution Practice Test

A short excerpt describing the Scientific Revolution explains that Francis Bacon urged investigators to collect data and build knowledge inductively, while René Descartes emphasized methodical doubt and deductive reasoning from clear principles. The excerpt adds that both approaches aimed to produce reliable knowledge but differed in starting points and methods. Which of the following best identifies the relationship between Bacon’s and Descartes’s contributions?

An excerpt about the Scientific Revolution states that early modern investigators increasingly described the universe as governed by predictable laws, often using mechanical metaphors such as the “clockwork” universe. The excerpt contrasts this with older views that emphasized purpose and inherent qualities in nature. Which of the following best identifies the worldview most closely associated with the “clockwork” metaphor?