Contextualizing State Building Practice Test

Following the Peace of Westphalia (1648), many European rulers claimed greater authority within their territories and sought more stable taxation, regular armies, and standardized law. At the same time, religious pluralism was sometimes tolerated to reduce conflict. Which principle associated with Westphalia most directly supported early modern state-building?

In the late nineteenth century, Otto von Bismarck pursued German unification through wars, diplomacy, and internal consolidation. After 1871, the new German Empire combined federal elements with strong Prussian influence, expanded rail and military coordination, and introduced pioneering social insurance programs partly to undercut socialist appeal. Which interpretation best connects these policies to broader trends in modern state-building?