Contextualizing 16th/17th-Century Challenges, Developments Practice Test

In the late 16th and 17th centuries, Europe experienced recurring warfare, inflation, and confessional tensions that pressured governments to raise revenue and discipline populations. In this setting, some states developed new fiscal tools to sustain large armies and navies. Which policy best exemplifies the emergence of a “fiscal-military state” in 17th-century Europe?

In the early modern period, European states increasingly relied on larger, more professional armies and navies, requiring steady taxation, credit, and administrative coordination. Military innovations in fortifications and artillery raised costs and encouraged rulers to build bureaucracies capable of supplying troops. These developments intensified competition among states and reshaped relationships between governments and subjects. Which change most directly reflects this broader transformation in warfare and governance during the seventeenth century?