Contemporary Western Democracies Practice Test

A 2017 secondary-source excerpt argues that contemporary Western democracies have seen “cartel party” behavior: major parties cooperate to set campaign rules, public financing, and media access, making it harder for newcomers to compete. The author notes, however, that insurgent parties still break through during crises by mobilizing distrust of elites. Which factor would most likely undermine the cartel-party dynamic described?

A 2020 secondary-source excerpt argues that contemporary Western democracies have confronted renewed separatist movements, intensified by disagreements over EU membership and economic redistribution. The author mentions debates over holding independence referendums and the question of whether sovereignty should be shared, devolved, or reclaimed. Which case best fits the pattern described?