Causation: 19th-Century Perspectives and Political Developments Practice Test

In an account of late-19th-century mass politics, a scholar argues that the widening male franchise in several European states caused political parties to build disciplined organizations, craft broader platforms, and court working-class voters. Which outcome best illustrates this effect?

A historian of Italian politics argues that the failures of the 1820s–1840s uprisings caused later nationalists to rely more on state-led diplomacy and military power than on scattered secret societies. Which later strategy best reflects this shift in methods?