Introduction to Ecosystems Practice Test

Type II, because individuals have a constant probability of dying at any age, producing a straight-line decline in survival.

Type IV, because survival increases with age due to learning, producing an upward-sloping survivorship curve in most populations.

Type III, because many young die early while a few survivors live much longer, common in insects and many marine species.

Type I, because most individuals survive to old age and mortality increases sharply late in life, typical of large mammals.