Interpreting Data from Diagrams Practice Test

PASSAGE V

Atmospheric Structure

Introduction

Earth's atmosphere is divided into four primary layers based on the way temperature changes with altitude. From lowest to highest, these layers are the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. The boundaries between these layers are known as "pauses" (e.g., the tropopause).

Researchers launched a series of weather balloons and sounding rockets to record the atmospheric pressure (in millibars, mb) and temperature (in °C) at various altitudes. The average data for a mid-latitude region is presented in Figure 1.

The relationship between atmospheric pressure and altitude is shown in Figure 2.

PASSAGE VI

Fruit Fly Genetics

Introduction

In the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, eye color is a sex-linked trait determined by a gene on the X chromosome. The allele for the wild-type red eye color ($$X^R$$) is dominant, while the allele for the mutant white eye color ($$X^r$$) is recessive.

Females (XX): Inherit one X chromosome from each parent. A female will have white eyes only if she is homozygous recessive ($$X^r X^r$$).

Males (XY): Inherit an X chromosome from the mother and a Y chromosome from the father. Because the Y chromosome does not carry the eye color gene, a male expresses whichever allele is present on his single X chromosome ($$X^R Y = Red; X^r Y = White$$).

Students conducted two studies to observe these inheritance patterns.

Study 1

The students crossed a homozygous red-eyed female ($$X^R X^R$$) with a white-eyed male ($$X^r Y$$). To predict the genotypes of the offspring, they constructed a Punnett square (Figure 1).

They then collected 100 offspring (the F1 generation) and recorded the results in Table 1.

Study 2

The students performed the reciprocal cross. They crossed a white-eyed female ($$X^r X^r$$) with a red-eyed male ($$X^R Y$$). A second Punnett square was constructed to predict the outcome (Figure 2).

They collected 100 offspring and recorded the results in Table 2.