All flashcards
Flashcard 1: Which part of the pathway makes the decision about what response to send?
Answer: The CNS (brain or spinal cord). The CNS processes sensory input and determines appropriate responses.
Flashcard 2: Identify the stimulus and response in this model: bright light causes you to squint.
Answer: Stimulus: bright light; Response: squinting. Light is the environmental change; squinting is the body's action.
Flashcard 3: Find and correct the pathway error: Stimulus → receptor → motor nerve → CNS → sensory nerve → effector.
Answer: Stimulus → receptor → sensory nerve → CNS → motor nerve → effector. Sensory nerves must come before motor nerves in the pathway.
Flashcard 4: Which option best completes the pathway for sweating: heat → skin receptors → CNS → → sweat glands.
Answer: Motor nerves. Motor nerves connect CNS to glands for secretion responses.
Flashcard 5: Which option is a correct example of an effector: muscle, receptor, stimulus, or CNS?
Answer: Muscle. Muscles contract to create movement responses.
Flashcard 6: Which option is a correct example of a receptor: skin nerve endings, biceps muscle, bone, or saliva?
Answer: Skin nerve endings. Nerve endings detect touch, temperature, and pain stimuli.
Flashcard 7: Identify the correct order for a reflex: receptor, effector, CNS, sensory nerve, motor nerve.
Answer: Receptor → sensory nerve → CNS (spinal cord) → motor nerve → effector. Reflexes follow the same pathway but bypass the brain for speed.
Flashcard 8: What is the job of a sensory nerve (sensory neuron) in the pathway?
Answer: Carries signals from receptors to the CNS. Sensory nerves are the input pathway to the brain/spinal cord.
Flashcard 9: What is the job of a motor nerve (motor neuron) in the pathway?
Answer: Carries signals from the CNS to effectors. Motor nerves are the output pathway from brain/spinal cord.
Flashcard 10: What is an effector in the sensory input to response model?
Answer: A muscle or gland that carries out the response. Effectors create the physical response to stimuli.
Flashcard 11: Which part of the pathway usually makes reflex responses faster: brain or spinal cord?
Answer: Spinal cord. Reflexes process in the spinal cord, skipping brain processing time.
Flashcard 12: Identify the missing step: Stimulus → receptor → sensory nerve → → motor nerve → effector → response.
Answer: CNS. The CNS processes sensory input before sending motor commands.
Flashcard 13: Identify the missing step: Stimulus → receptor → sensory nerve → CNS → → effector → response.
Answer: Motor nerve. Motor nerves carry commands from CNS to effectors.
Flashcard 14: Which option correctly labels the signal direction of a sensory nerve: to CNS or from CNS?
Answer: To CNS. Sensory nerves carry input signals toward the CNS.
Flashcard 15: Which option correctly labels the signal direction of a motor nerve: to CNS or from CNS?
Answer: From CNS. Motor nerves carry output signals away from the CNS.
Flashcard 16: Identify the receptor and effector in this model: touching a hot pan leads to pulling your hand away.
Answer: Receptor: skin; Effector: arm/hand muscles. Heat receptors detect the stimulus; muscles execute the withdrawal.
Flashcard 17: What is the correct overall pathway from sensing a stimulus to making a response in the body?
Answer: Stimulus → receptor → sensory nerve → CNS → motor nerve → effector → response. This sequence shows how the body processes and responds to stimuli.
Flashcard 18: What is a stimulus in a sensory input to response model?
Answer: A change in the environment that can be detected. Examples include light, sound, touch, or temperature changes.
Flashcard 19: What is a receptor in the sensory input to response model?
Answer: A structure that detects a stimulus and starts a nerve signal. Receptors convert stimuli into electrical nerve signals.
Flashcard 20: What is the central nervous system (CNS) in a sensory model?
Answer: The brain and spinal cord. The CNS processes sensory information and coordinates responses.
Flashcard 21: Find the incorrect step order: Stimulus → motor neuron → sensory neuron → CNS → effector → response.
Answer: Correct: Stimulus → sensory neuron → CNS → motor neuron → effector → response. Motor neurons must come after CNS processing, not before sensory input.
Flashcard 22: Which model best matches a reflex: A) brain decides first B) spinal cord responds quickly?
Answer: B) spinal cord responds quickly. Reflexes use spinal cord shortcuts to bypass brain processing.
Flashcard 23: What is the role of a sensory neuron in the model from sensory input to response?
Answer: Carries signals from receptors to the brain or spinal cord. These neurons transmit electrical signals toward the CNS.
Flashcard 24: What is a receptor in the sensory-to-response model?
Answer: A structure that detects a stimulus and starts a nerve signal. Examples include skin touch receptors or eye light receptors.
Flashcard 25: What is a stimulus in a sensory-to-response model?
Answer: A change in the environment that can be detected. Examples include light, sound, touch, or temperature changes.
Flashcard 26: What is the correct order of information flow from sensing to action in the nervous system model?
Answer: Stimulus → receptor → sensory neuron → brain/spinal cord → motor neuron → effector → response. Shows the complete pathway from detection to action in the nervous system.
Flashcard 27: What is the role of a motor neuron in the sensory-to-response model?
Answer: Carries signals from the brain/spinal cord to effectors. These neurons transmit commands for movement or secretion.
Flashcard 28: What is the role of the brain and spinal cord in the sensory-to-response model?
Answer: Processes information and decides on a response. The CNS interprets signals and coordinates appropriate actions.
Flashcard 29: What is a response in the sensory-to-response model?
Answer: The action the body makes because of a stimulus. Responses can be voluntary (conscious) or involuntary (reflexes).
Flashcard 30: Which body parts are the main organs of the central nervous system (CNS)?
Answer: Brain and spinal cord. The CNS processes all sensory information and coordinates responses.