Science Practice Tests

Topics

• Earth and Space Science

  • Pattern Prediction by the Sun, Moon, and Stars

    • Make observations of the sun, moon, and stars

    • Describe patterns using the sun, moon, and stars

  • Daylight in Relation to Time of Year

    • Make observations at different times of the year

    • Relate the amount of daylight to the time of year

• Life Science

  • Plant and Animal Survival

    • Solve a human problem mimicking how plants survive

    • Solve a human problem mimicking how animals survive

  • Plants Similarities to Their Parents

    • Observe how plant offspring are similar to parents

    • Observe how animal offspring are similar to parents

  • Patterns in Behavior of Parents and Offspring

    • Determine how parents and offspring behave to survive

    • Use resources to determine patterns in behavior

• Physical Science

  • Illumination of Objects in Darkness

    • Construct an evidence-based account

    • Observe objects in darkness when illuminated

  • Light and Visibility

    • Plan an investigation placing objects in a beam of light

    • Investigate the effect of a beam of light on different objects

  • Communication with Light and Sound

    • Design a device using sound to communicate over a distance

    • Design a device using light to communicate over a distance

  • Sound and Vibration

    • Provide evidence relating sound and vibrations

    • Investigate how sound makes materials vibrate

    • Investigate how vibrating material makes sound

• Human Anatomy and Physiology

  • Gross Anatomy

    • Introductory Concepts

      • Defining Anatomical Orientations

      • Defining Anatomical Structural Terms

    • Muscles

      • Identifying Muscles of the Trunk, Core, and Head

      • Identifying Muscles of the Lower Extremities

      • Identifying Muscles of the Upper Extremities

    • Bones

      • Identifying Bones of the Trunk and Core

      • Identifying Bones of the Lower Extremities

      • Identifying Bones of the Upper Extremities

      • Identifying Bones of the Skull

    • Joints

      • Identifying Types of Joints

      • Identifying Joints of the Trunk, Core, and Head

      • Identifying Joints of the Extremities

      • Identifying Tendons and Ligaments

    • Organs

      • Identifying Digestive and Excretory Organs

      • Identifying Respiratory and Endocrine Organs

      • Identifying Reproductive Organs

      • Identifying Structures of the Brain

      • Identifying Nerves and Blood Vessels

      • Identifying Other Anatomical Structures

  • Systems Physiology

    • Endocrine and Reproductive Physiology

      • Endocrine Physiology+13 topics

        • Hormone Physiology+5 topics

          • Help with Hormone Types

          • Help with Hormone Origins and Targets

          • Help with Hormone Effects

          • Help with Hormone Mechanisms

          • Help with Hormone Synthesis

        • Gland Physiology+6 topics

          • Help with Pituitary and Hypothalamus Physiology

          • Help with Ovary and Testes Physiology

          • Help with Thyroid and Parathyroid Physiology

          • Help with Thymus and Adrenal Physiology

          • Help with Pancreas, Liver, and Kidney Physiology

          • Help with Other Endocrine Physiology

      • Reproductive Physiology and Development+13 topics

        • Reproductive Physiology+5 topics

          • Help with Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis

          • Help with Male Physiology

          • Help with Female Physiology

          • Help with General Reproductive Physiology

          • Help with Reproductive Proteins and Hormones

        • Development+6 topics

          • Help with Developmental Stages and Events

          • Help with Gastrulation and Embryonic Structures

          • Help with Fetal Circulation

    • Excretory and Digestive Physiology

      • Excretory Physiology+6 topics

        • Help with Nephron Physiology

        • Help with RAAS Physiology

        • Help with Kidney Physiology

        • Help with Bladder Physiology

        • Help with Excretory Proteins and Hormones

        • Help with Other Excretory Physiology

      • Digestive Physiology+6 topics

        • Help with Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus Physiology

        • Help with Stomach Physiology

        • Help with Pancreas and Liver Physiology

        • Help with Small Intestine Physiology

        • Help with Large Intestine Physiology

        • Help with Digestive Enzymes and Hormones

    • Neural Physiology

      • General Neuron Physiology+5 topics

        • Help with Action Potential Physiology

        • Help with Neuron Types

        • Help with Neuroglia Physiology

        • Help with Neural Proteins and Hormones

        • Help with Neurotransmitter and Receptor Physiology

      • Peripheral Nervous System+15 topics

        • Sympathetic Nervous System+2 topics

          • Help with Sympathetic Preganglionic Physiology

          • Help with Sympathetic Postganglionic Physiology

        • Parasympathetic Nervous System+2 topics

          • Help with Parasympathetic Preganglionic Physiology

          • Help with Parasympathetic Postganglionic Physiology

        • Cranial Nerves+2 topics

          • Identifying Cranial Nerve Function

          • Help with Other Cranial Nerve Physiology

        • Sensory Organs+5 topics

          • Help with Visual Physiology

          • Help with Auditory Physiology

          • Help with Proprioception and Mechanoreceptors

          • Help with Gustatory and Olfactory Physiology

          • Help with Other Sensory Physiology

      • Central Nervous System+3 topics

        • Help with Spinal Physiology

        • Help with Brain Physiology

        • Help with Proteins and Signals in the Central Nervous System

    • Musculoskeletal Physiology

      • Muscle Physiology+7 topics

        • Help with General Muscle Structures

        • Help with Muscle Proteins and Signals

        • Help with Neuromuscular Junction Physiology

        • Help with Cardiac Muscle Physiology

        • Help with Smooth Muscle Physiology

        • Help with Sarcomere Physiology

        • Help with Other Muscle Physiology

      • Skeletal and Articular Physiology+15 topics

        • Bone and Articular Physiology+8 topics

          • Help with General Bone and Joint Structures

          • Help with Adult Osteogenesis

          • Help with Types of Bone

          • Help with Bone Proteins and Signals

          • Help with Joint Physiology

          • Help with Tendon and Ligament Physiology

          • Help with Other Bone and Articular Physiology

        • Bone Marrow Physiology+5 topics

          • Help with Erythropoiesis

          • Help with Other Bone Marrow Physiology

    • Immune Physiology

      • Adaptive Immunity+4 topics

        • Help with Cells of Adaptive Immunity

        • Help with Proteins and Signals of Adaptive Immunity

        • Help with Antigens, Antibodies, and MHCs

        • Help with Other Adaptive Immunity Physiology

      • Innate Immunity+3 topics

        • Help with Cells of Innate Immunity

        • Help with Proteins and Signals of Innate Immunity

        • Help with Other Innate Immunity Physiology

    • Circulatory and Respiratory Physiology

      • Circulatory and Lymphatic Physiology+14 topics

        • Circulatory Physiology+7 topics

          • Help with Heart Physiology

          • Help with Pulmonary Circuit Physiology

          • Help with Arterial and Venous Physiology

          • Help with Capillary Physiology

          • Help with Circulatory Proteins and Hormones

          • Help with Other Circulatory Physiology

        • Lymphatic Physiology+5 topics

          • Help with Primary Lymphoid Organ Physiology

          • Help with Fluid Homeostasis Physiology

          • Help with Other Lymphatic Physiology

      • Respiratory Physiology+6 topics

        • Help with Inspiration and Expiration Physiology

        • Help with Upper Respiratory Physiology

        • Help with Lower Respiratory Physiology

        • Help with Gas Exchange

        • Help with Respiratory Proteins and Hormones

        • Help with Other Respiratory Physiology

  • Injuries and Disorders

    • Excretory and Digestive Systems

      • Help with Excretory Injuries and Disorders

      • Help with Digestive Injuries and Disorders

      • Help with Evaluation Methods for the Digestive System

    • Nervous System

      • Help with Evaluation Methods for the Nervous System

      • Help with Nervous System Injuries and Disorders

    • Musculoskeletal System

      • Help with Muscle, Ligament, and Tendon Injuries and Disorders

      • Help with Bone Injuries and Disorders

      • Help with Evaluation Methods for Bones

      • Help with Evaluation Methods for Muscles, Ligaments, Tendons

    • Immune System

      • Help with Immune System Injuries and Disorders

      • Help with Evaluation Methods for the Immune System

    • Circulatory and Respiratory Systems

      • Help with Vascular and Lymphatic Injuries and Disorders

      • Help with Heart Injuries and Disorders

      • Help with Respiratory Injuries and Disorders

      • Help with Evaluation Methods for the Heart

      • Help with Evaluation Methods for the Circulatory System

      • Help with Evaluation Methods for the Respiratory System

    • Endocrine and Reproductive Systems

      • Help with Endocrine Injuries and Disorders

      • Help with Reproductive Injuries and Disorders

      • Help with Evaluation Methods for the Endocrine System

      • Help with Evaluation Methods for the Reproductive System

• Biochemistry

  • Fundamental Macromolecules and Concepts

    • Molecular Bonds and Forces

      • Covalent Bonds

      • Hydrogen Bonds

      • Hydrophobic Interactions

      • Other Intermolecular Forces

    • Macromolecule Fundamentals

      • Amino Acids and Proteins

      • Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA

      • Monosaccharides and Carbohydrates

      • Lipids

    • Homeostasis and the Biological Environment

      • Essential Properties of Water

      • Essential Properties of Carbon

      • pH Regulation

      • Thermodynamic Regulation

      • Biological Energetics

      • Negative Feedback

      • Other Homeostatic Conditions

  • Catabolic Pathways and Metabolism

    • Carbohydrate Metabolism

      • Glycolysis+6 topics

        • Glycolysis Enzymes

        • Glycolysis Carbohydrate Intermediates

        • Glycolysis Energetics

        • Reactants and Products of Glycolysis

        • Other Glycolysis Concepts

        • Glycolysis Regulation

      • Citric Acid Cycle+6 topics

        • Citric Acid Cycle Enzymes

        • Citric Acid Cycle Carbohydrate Intermediates

        • Citric Acid Cycle Energetics

        • Reactants and Products of the Citric Acid Cycle

        • Citric Acid Cycle Regulation

        • Other Citric Acid Cycle Concepts

      • Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation+7 topics

        • Electron Transport Chain Proteins and Complexes

        • NADH and FADH2

        • Electron Transport Chain Energetics

        • ATP Synthase

        • Oxidative Phosphorylation Energetics

        • Other Electron Transport Chain Concepts

        • Other Oxidatative Phosphorylation Concepts

      • Photosynthesis+10 topics

        • Light Reactions+3 topics

          • Light Reaction Energetics

          • Other Light Reaction Concepts

        • Calvin Cycle+5 topics

          • Calvin Cycle Enzymes

          • Calvin Cycle Carbohydrate Intermediates

          • Other Calvin Cycle Concepts

      • Alternative Pathways+18 topics

        • Fermentation and Anaerobic Respiration+3 topics

          • Lactic Acid Fermentation

          • Ethanol Fermentation

        • Gluconeogenesis+6 topics

          • Gluconeogenesis Enzymes

          • Gluconeogenesis Energetics

          • Reactants and Products of Gluconeogenesis

          • Gluconeogenesis Regulation

          • Other Gluconeogenesis Concepts

        • Glycogenolysis+6 topics

          • Glycogenolysis Enzymes

          • Glycogenolysis Energetics

          • Glycogenolysis Regulation

          • Reactants and Products of Glycogenolysis

          • Other Glycogenolysis Concepts

    • Lipid Catabolism

      • Lipid Catabolism Enzymes

      • Lipid Catabolism Intermediates

      • Lipid Catabolism Energetics

      • Lipid Catabolism Regulation

      • Reactants and Products of Lipid Catabolism

      • Other Lipid Catabolism Concepts

    • Protein Catabolism

      • Protein Catabolism Enzymes

      • Protein Catabolism Intermediates

      • Protein Catabolism Regulation

      • Reactants and Products of Protein Catabolism

      • Other Protein Catabolism Concepts

  • Anabolic Pathways and Synthesis

    • Protein Synthesis

      • Regulating Protein Synthesis

      • Translation

    • Lipid Synthesis

      • Lipid Synthesis Enzymes

      • Lipid Synthesis Reactants, Intermediates, and Products

      • Regulating Lipid Synthesis

    • Carbohydrate Synthesis

      • Regulating Carbohydrate Synthesis

      • Carbohydrate Anabolism

    • Nucleic Acid Synthesis

      • DNA Replication

      • Transcription

      • Regulating DNA Replication

      • Regulating Transcription

  • Enzyme Kinetics and Inhibition

    • Enzyme Kinetics and Models

      • Fundamentals of Enzyme Kinetics

      • Michaelis-Menten Equation

      • Michaelis-Menten Graphs

      • Vmax and Km

      • Rate-Limiting Step

      • Other Kinetics Principles

    • Types of Inhibition

      • Competitive Inhibition

      • Noncompetitive Inhibition

      • Uncompetitive Inhibition

      • Mixed Inhibition

      • Irreversible Inhibition

      • Identifying Type of Inhibition

  • Macromolecule Structures and Functions

    • Protein Structure and Functions

      • Protein Structure+4 topics

        • Active Site

        • Allosteric Sites

        • Peptide Bonds

        • Globular and Fibrous Proteins

      • Protein Functions+9 topics

        • Oxidoreductases

        • Transferases and Kinases

        • Hydrolases

        • Isomerases

        • Ligases

        • Structural Proteins

        • Transport Proteins

        • Other Protein Functions

      • Protein Folding+5 topics

        • Primary Structure

        • Secondary Structure

        • Tertiary Structure

        • Quaternary Structure

        • Regulation and Chaperonins

      • Protein Degradation+3 topics

        • Ubiquitination Pathway

        • Protein Hydrolysis

        • Regulating Protein Degradation

    • Lipid Structures and Functions

      • Lipid Classifications+6 topics

        • Fatty Acids

        • Glycerolipids and Triglycerides

        • Phospholipids

        • Sterols and Steroids

        • Sphingolipids

        • Other Lipid Classifications

    • Nucleic Acid Structures and Functions

      • Nucleic Acid Structures+5 topics

        • Sugar-Phosphate Groups and Phosphodiester Bonds

        • Nitrogenous Bases

        • DNA and RNA

        • Nucleic Acid Derivatives

        • Modifications and Epigenetics

      • Nucleic Acid Degradation+3 topics

        • DNases

        • Regulating Nucleic Acid Degradation

    • Carbohydrate Structures and Functions

      • Glycosidic Linkages

      • Aldoses and Ketoses

      • Epimers, Chirality, and the Anomeric Carbon

      • Structural Carbohydrates

  • Biochemical Signaling

    • Signal Transduction Pathways

      • G Protein Pathway

      • Tyrosine Kinase Pathway

      • Integrins

      • Toll-Like Receptors

      • Ligand-Gated Ion Channels

      • Second Messengers

    • Hormones and Neurotransmitters

      • Peptide Hormone Pathways

      • Steroid Hormone Pathways

      • Synapse Biochemistry

      • Other Hormone Pathways

  • Identifying Biochemical Molecules

    • Identifying Monomers and Dimers

      • Identifying Amino Acids

      • Identifying Monosaccharides

      • Identifying Disaccharides

      • Identifying Nitrogenous Bases and Derivatives

    • Identification by Structure

      • Identifying Specific Lipid Structures

      • Identifying Specific Carbohydrate Structures

      • Identifying Specific Protein Structures

      • Identifying Specific Nucleic Acid Structures

    • Identification by Function

      • Identifying Specific Lipid Functions

      • Identifying Specific Carbohydrate Functions

      • Identifying Specific Protein Functions

      • Identifying Specific Nucleic Acid Functions

• High School Biology

  • Introductory Topics

    • Macromolecules

      • Understanding Lipids and Carbohydrates

      • Understanding Proteins and Nucleic Acids

    • Attributes of Life

      • Understanding Properties of Water

      • Understanding Properties of Carbon

      • Understanding Requirements for Life and Cell Theory

    • Feedback and Homeostasis

      • Understanding Biological Equilibrium

      • Understanding Negative Feedback

      • Understanding Positive Feedback

  • Cell Biology

    • Cell Structures and Organelles

      • Common Cell Structures+6 topics

        • Understanding the Nucleus and Nucleolus

        • Understanding Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

        • Understanding Ribosomes

        • Understanding the Endoplasmic Reticulum and Golgi Body

        • Understanding the Cell Membrane and Cell Wall

        • Understanding Other Cell Structures

      • Cellular Differences+3 topics

        • Understanding Specialized Cell Structures

        • Understanding Prokaryotic Cell Differences

        • Understanding Plant Cell Differences

    • Cell Functions

      • Cell Respiration+3 topics

        • Understanding Glycolysis

        • Understanding the Citric Acid Cycle

        • Understanding the Electron Transport Chain

      • Photosynthesis+2 topics

        • Understanding Light Reactions

        • Understanding the Calvin Cycle

      • Transport and Signaling+4 topics

        • Understanding Endocytosis and Exocytosis

        • Understanding Receptors and Ligands

        • Understanding Cytoplasmic Proteins

        • Understanding Second Messenger Systems

    • Cell Division

      • Mitosis+2 topics

        • Understanding Stages of Mitosis

        • Understanding Structures of Mitosis

      • Meiosis+4 topics

        • Understanding Stages of Meiosis

        • Understanding Crossing Over

        • Understanding Oogenesis

        • Understanding Spermatogenesis

      • The Cell Cycle+2 topics

        • Understanding Stages of the Cell Cycle

        • Understanding Cell Cycle Regulation

  • DNA, RNA, and Proteins

    • DNA

      • DNA Replication+3 topics

        • Understanding Replication Proteins

        • Understanding Replication Processes

        • Understanding Replication Regulation

      • DNA Structure+4 topics

        • Understanding the DNA Backbone

        • Understanding the Double Helix

        • Understanding Nucleotides

        • Understanding Chromosomes and Genes

    • RNA

      • Transcription+3 topics

        • Understanding Transcription Proteins

        • Understanding Transcription Processes

        • Understanding Transcription Regulation

      • RNA Structure+2 topics

        • Understanding RNA Backbone

        • Understanding Differences with DNA

    • Proteins

      • Translation+2 topics

        • Understanding Translation Processes

        • Understanding Ribosome and tRNA structure

      • Protein Structure+3 topics

        • Understanding Protein Folding

        • Understanding Active Sites

        • Understanding Protein Classifications

      • Protein Function+3 topics

        • Understanding Enzymes

        • Understanding Inhibitors

        • Understanding Specific Protein Functions

  • Tissues, Organs, and Organ Systems

    • Organs and Organ Systems

      • Nervous System+4 topics

        • Understanding Structures of the Nervous System

        • Understanding Divisions of the Nervous System

        • Understanding Action Potentials

        • Understanding Neurotransmitters

      • Endocrine System+4 topics

        • Understanding Glands

        • Understanding Specific Hormones

        • Understanding Types of Hormones

        • Understanding Negative Feedback Loops

      • Musculoskeletal System+3 topics

        • Understanding Sliding Filament Theory

        • Understanding Bones

        • Understanding Muscles

      • Digestive System+3 topics

        • Understanding Digestive Organs

        • Understanding Digestive Functions

        • Understanding Hormones and Digestion

      • Excretory System+4 topics

        • Understanding Nephron Structure

        • Understanding Nephron Function

        • Understanding Excretory Organs

        • Understanding Hormones and the Excretory System

      • Immune System+3 topics

        • Understanding Adaptive Immunity

        • Understanding Innate Immunity

        • Understanding Cells of the Immune System

      • Reproductive System+2 topics

        • Understanding Reproductive Organs

        • Understanding Reproductive Functions

      • Respiratory System+2 topics

        • Understanding Respiratory Organs

        • Understanding Respiratory Functions

      • Circulatory System+3 topics

        • Understanding the Heart

        • Understanding Circulatory Vessels

        • Understanding Circulatory Function

    • Epithelium and Endothelium

      • Understanding Types of Epithelial Cells

      • Understanding Properties of Epithelium

      • Understanding Endothelium

    • Connective Tissue

      • Understanding Types of Connective Tissue

      • Understanding Properties of Connective Tissue

    • Muscle Tissue

      • Understanding Types of Muscle Tissue

      • Understanding Properties of Muscle Tissue

    • Nervous Tissue

      • Understanding Types of Nervous Tissue

      • Understanding Properties of Nervous Tissue

  • Ecology

    • Food Pyramids and Food Webs

      • Identifying Levels

      • Understanding Energy Flow

    • Chemical Cycles

      • Understanding the Water Cycle

      • Understanding the Carbon Cycle

      • Understanding the Nitrogen Cycle

  • Genetics and Evolution

    • Evolutionary Principles

      • Understanding Natural Selection

      • Understanding Phylogenetics

      • Understanding Speciation

      • Understanding Biological Fitness

      • Understanding Evidence for Evolution

      • Understanding Other Evolution Principles

      • Identify evidence for evolution

    • Genetics Principles

      • Inheritance Patterns+4 topics

        • Understanding Autosomal/Sex-Linked

        • Understanding Dominant/Recessive

        • Understanding Chromosomes

        • Understanding Codominance and Incomplete Dominance

      • Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium+2 topics

        • Understanding Hardy-Weinberg Conditions

        • Understanding Hardy-Weinberg Calculations

      • Mutation+2 topics

        • Understanding Types of Mutation

        • Understanding Mutation and Evolution

      • Genes and DNA+3 topics

        • Understanding Gene Coding

        • Understanding Prokaryotic Genes

        • Understanding Gene Regulation

• College Chemistry

  • Introductory Topics

    • Molecules and Compounds

      • Ionic Bonds

      • Covalent Bonds

      • Intermolecular and Intramolecular Forces

      • Molecular Geometries and VSEPR Theory

      • Nomenclature and Functional Groups

      • Polarity and Dipoles

      • Orbital Hybridization

      • Properties of Water

    • Atoms and Elements

      • Isotopes

      • Radioactive Decay

      • Periodic Trends

      • Electron Configurations

      • Quantum Numbers

  • Reactions

    • Redox Reactions

      • Combustion Reactions

      • Galvanic and Electrolytic Cells

      • Half-Reactions and Redox Potentials

      • Nernst Equation

      • Assigning Oxidation States

      • Identifying Redox Agents

      • Balancing Redox Reactions

    • Acid-Base Reactions

      • Buffers

      • Titrations

      • pH

      • Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation

      • Strong and Weak Acids/Bases

      • Lewis, Brønsted-Lowry, and Arrhenius Definitions

    • General Topics

      • Identifying Reaction Types

      • Balancing Chemical Equations

      • Stoichiometric Calculations and Dimensional Analysis

      • Empirical and Molecular Formulas

    • Equilibrium

      • Chemical Equilibrium, Equilibrium Constant, and Reaction Quotient

      • Le Chatelier's Principle

      • Common Ion Effect

      • Solubility Product Constant

  • Solutions, States of Matter, and Thermochemistry

    • Thermochemistry and Changes of State

      • Calorimetry

      • Standard Enthalpy and Entropy of Reactions

      • Specific Heat Capacity

      • Phase Diagrams

      • Vaporization and Condensation

      • Sublimation and Deposition

      • Freezing and Melting

    • Liquids and Solutions

      • Properties of Liquids and Solutions

      • Solubility Rules and Precipitates

      • Molarity, Molality, Normality

      • Colligative Properties

      • Calculating Solubility

    • Gases

      • Properties of Gases

      • Non-Ideal Gas Behavior

      • Gas Laws

      • Partial Pressure

      • Effusion

  • Thermodynamics and Kinetics

    • Thermodynamics

      • Laws of Thermodynamics

      • Gibb's Free Energy

      • Reaction Coordinate Diagrams

    • Kinetics

      • Rate Laws

      • Enzymes, Catalysts, and Activation Energy

      • Enzyme Inhibition

  • Laboratory Techniques and Analysis

    • Yield and Error

    • Chromatography

    • Laboratory Equipment

    • Other Laboratory Methods

• College Physics

  • Mechanics

    • Work and Energy

      • Kinetic Energy

      • Conservation of Momentum and Energy

      • Gravitational Potential Energy

      • Spring Potential Energy and Other Potential Energy

    • Motion

      • Motion in One Dimension

      • Motion in Two Dimensions

      • Circular and Rotational Motion

      • Harmonic Motion

      • Motion Diagrams

    • Forces

      • Newton's Laws and Fundamental Concepts

      • Universal Gravitation

      • Tension

      • Friction

      • Vectors

      • Using Free Body Diagrams

      • Spring Force

      • Torque

    • Fluids

      • Bernoulli's Equation

      • Pressure

      • Continuity Equation

      • Archimedes' Principle and Buoyancy

      • Poiseuille's Law

      • Density, Specific Gravity, and Viscosity

      • Flow Rate

  • Electromagnetics, Waves, and Optics

    • Waves

      • Fundamental Concepts

      • Doppler Effect

      • Superposition and Interference

      • Diffraction

      • Harmonics and Standing Waves

      • Slit Experiments

    • Optics

      • Mirrors

      • Lenses

      • Snell's Law and Index of Refraction

      • Polarization

    • Electromagnetics

      • Magnetism+3 topics

        • Magnetic Fields

        • Magnetic Force

        • Faraday's Law of Induction

      • Electrostatics+3 topics

        • Electric Field and Electric Potential

        • Coulomb's Law

        • Gauss's Law

      • Electromagnetic Radiation+3 topics

        • Electromagnetic Spectrum

        • Emission Spectra

        • Absorption Spectra

      • Circuits+7 topics

        • Resistors

        • Capacitors

        • General Principles

        • Power

        • Circuit Diagrams

        • Resistivity

        • Ohm's Law and Current

  • Thermodynamics

    • Laws of Thermodynamics and General Concepts

    • Ideal Gases

    • Isobaric Processes

    • Isochoric Processes

    • Adiabatic Processes

    • Isothermal Processes

  • Quantum and Nuclear Physics

    • Quantum Physics

      • Mass Defect

      • Energy Quantization

      • Einstein's Theories of Relativity

      • Wave-Particle Duality

    • Nuclear Physics

      • Fusion

      • Fission

      • Radioactive Decay

      • Particle Physics

• Weather and Climate

  • Explain what causes storms, cold fronts, and warm fronts

  • Read a weather map

  • Describe the motion of air masses

  • Identify and explain Earth's different climates

  • Identify human impacts on the environment

• Natural Disasters and Climate Change

  • Interpret data related to human activities that affect global temperatures

  • Determine what can be done to prevent or predict natural disasters

• Earth's Place in the Solar System

  • Explain why the Earth has seasons

  • Interpret diagrams of eclipses

  • Determine the next phase in a lunar cycle

• Earth's Place in the Universe

  • Define planets, solar systems, and galaxies

  • Understand the relative size and location of objects in the universe

  • Describe the motion of objects in the universe

• Geologic Time Scale

  • Identify events and patterns in the fossil record

  • Interpret models of plate tectonics

• Rock Formation and Transformation

  • Distinguish between igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks

  • Describe how fossil fuels are made by the Earth

  • Distinguish between renewable and nonrenewable resources

• Genetics

  • Cell Division

  • Properties of Nucleic Acids

  • Mendelian and Population Genetics

  • Genetic Engineering

  • Laboratory Procedures and Important Historical Experiments

  • Inheritance Patterns, Pedigrees, and Genetic Disorders

  • Central Dogma of Biology

  • Regulation of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

  • Viral Genetics

  • DNA Mutations, Damage, and Repair Mechanisms

• High School Chemistry

  • Measurements

    • Units

      • Using SI Units

      • Using Moles

      • Using Avogadro's Number

      • Help with Concentration Units

    • Scientific Notation and Significant Figures

      • Using Scientific Notation

      • Using Significant Figures

    • Precision, Accuracy, and Error

      • Help with Precision

      • Help with Accuracy

      • Calculating Error

  • Elements and Compounds

    • Elements and Atoms

      • Identifying Elements

      • Help with Subatomic Particles

      • Help with Orbital Diagrams and Theories

      • Help with Quantum Numbers

      • Using Orbital Notation

      • Help with Isotopes and Ions

    • Compounds and Bonding

      • Naming Compounds

      • Help with Polyatomic Ions

      • Help with Molecular Formulas

      • Help with Ionic Bonds

      • Help with Covalent Bonds

      • Help with Lewis Diagrams

      • Help with VSEPR Theory and Geometry

      • Help with Intermolecular Forces

      • Help with Resonance

  • Solutions and Mixtures

    • Calculating Solubility Product Constant

    • Help with Solubility Rules

    • Calculating Solubility

    • Identifying Mixtures and Solutions

    • Identifying Precipitates

  • Chemical Reactions

    • Equilibrium

      • Help with Equilibrium Constant

      • Help with Reaction Quotient

      • Identifying Reaction Equilibrium

    • Types of Reactions

      • Help with Addition Reactions

      • Help with Dissociation Reactions

      • Help with Single-Replacement Reactions

      • Help with Double-Replacement Reactions

      • Help with Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

    • Balancing Reactions

      • Balancing Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

      • Balancing Chemical Equations

  • Stoichiometry

    • Help with Molecular Weight and Molar Mass

    • Identifying Limiting Reagents

    • Using Stoichiometry in Solutions

  • The Periodic Table

    • Identifying Periodic Trends

    • Identifying Types of Elements

    • Help with Periodic Theories

  • Phases of Matter

    • Solids and Liquids

      • Help with Properties of Solids

      • Help with Properties of Liquids

    • Gases and Gas Laws

      • Help with Properties of Gases

      • Using Charles's Law

      • Using Boyle's Law

      • Using Gay-Lussac's Law

      • Using Avogadro's Law

      • Using the Ideal Gas Law and Combined Gas Law

    • Phase Diagrams and Transitions

      • Help with Melting and Freezing

      • Help with Condensation and Vaporization

      • Help with Sublimation and Deposition

      • Help with Phase Diagrams

  • Acid-Base Chemistry

    • Acids and Bases

      • Definitions of Acids and Bases

      • Identifying Acids and Bases

      • Help with Acid-Base Reactions

      • Using Acid Dissociation Constant (Ka)

      • Using Base Dissociation Constant (Kb)

      • Help with Buffers

      • Calculating pH and pOH

    • Titrations

      • Finding the Equivalence Point

      • Identifying Unknown Concentration

      • Identifying Unknown Volume

      • Help with Titration Curves

  • Thermochemistry and Energetics

    • Help with Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions

    • Help with Endergonic and Exergonic Reactions

    • Help with Enthalpy

    • Help with Entropy

    • Help with Gibb's Free Energy

  • Electrochemistry

    • Help with Galvanic Cells

    • Help with Electrolytic Cells

    • Help with Anodes and Cathodes

  • Nuclear Chemistry

    • Using Isotopic Notation

    • Help with Radioactive Decay

  • Kinetics

    • Help with Reaction Rate

    • Help with Reaction Order

    • Help with Rate-Determining Steps

• High School Physics

  • Introductory Principles

    • Understanding SI Units

    • Understanding Scalar and Vector Quantities

    • Understanding Independent and Dependent Variables

    • Understanding Accuracy and Precision

    • Understanding Significant Figures

  • Motion and Mechanics

    • Linear Motion

      • Understanding Motion in One Dimension

      • Understanding Motion in Two Dimensions

      • Using Motion Equations

      • Understanding Distance, Velocity, and Acceleration

      • Understanding Motion with Constant Acceleration

      • Kinematic Equations

      • Freefall

    • Circular Motion

      • Understanding Circular Motion

      • Using Circular Motion Equations

      • Understanding Torque

      • Circular Motion+2 topics

        • Understand Torque

        • Rotational Angular Momentum

    • Newton's Laws

      • Understanding Newton's First Law

      • Understanding Newton's Second Law

      • Understanding Newton's Third Law

      • Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation

    • Momentum

      • Understanding Elastic and Inelastic Collisions

      • Understanding Conservation of Momentum

      • Calculating Momentum

      • Understanding Momentum

      • Impulse and Momentum

      • Conservation of Momentum

      • Elastic and Inelastic Collisions

    • Harmonic Motion

      • Understanding Springs

      • Understanding Pendulums

      • Using Spring Equations

      • Using Pendulum Equations

      • Period of SHM

      • Energy of SHM

    • Gas Laws

      • Understanding Isovolumetric Processes

    • Representations of Motion

      • Representations of Motion

  • Energy and Work

    • Energy

      • Understanding Conservation of Energy

      • Understanding Kinetic and Potential Energies

      • Calculating Kinetic Energy

      • Calculating Potential Energy

      • Types of Mechanical Energy

    • Work

      • Understanding Work

      • Calculating Work

      • Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem

    • Power

      • Understand Power

  • Forces

    • Introduction to Forces

      • Understanding Force

      • Understanding the Relationship Between Force and Acceleration

      • Identifying Forces and Systems

    • Specific Forces

      • Understanding Normal Force

      • Understanding Frictional Force

      • Understanding Gravity and Weight

      • Understanding Universal Gravitation

      • Gravitational Field

      • Contact Forces

    • Net Force

      • Calculating Force

      • Interpreting Force Diagrams

  • Thermodynamics

    • Laws of Thermodynamics

      • Understanding the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

      • Understanding the First Law of Thermodynamics

      • Understanding the Second Law of Thermodynamics

      • Understanding the Third Law of Thermodynamics

    • Heat

      • Understanding the Concept of Energy Transfer

      • Understanding Heat Engines

      • Understanding Heat and Temperature

      • Understanding Effects of Heat on Volume

      • Understanding Heat and Work

    • Enthalpy and Entropy

      • Understanding Enthalpy

      • Understanding Entropy

  • Waves, Sound, and Light

    • Waves

      • Understanding the Concept of Waves

      • Understanding Types of Waves

      • Understanding Wavelength and Frequency

      • Understanding Amplitude and Period

      • Understanding Calculations with Velocity

      • Types of Waves

      • Properties of Waves

      • Interference and Superposition

    • Sound

      • Understanding Sound Interference

      • Understanding Doppler

    • Light and Electromagnetic Waves

      • Understanding the Electromagnetic Spectrum

      • Understanding Photons

      • Understanding Wave-Particle Duality

      • Understanding Refraction

      • Understanding Mirrors and Lenses

  • Electricity and Magnetism

    • Electricity

      • Understanding the Concept of Current

      • Understanding Electric Fields

      • Understanding Electric Forces

      • Electric Charge

      • Electric Force

    • Electric Circuits

      • Circuit Calculations and Concepts+8 topics

        • Use Ohm's Law

        • Calculating Circuit Power

        • Understanding Series and Parallel

        • Understanding Current in a Circuit

        • Understanding Voltage in a Circuit

        • Understanding Electricity

        • Kirchoff's Laws

      • Resistors+3 topics

        • Understanding Resistance

        • Calculating Total Resistance

        • Resistivity

      • Capacitors+3 topics

        • Understanding Capacitance

        • Calculating Total Capacitance

        • Using Capacitor Equations

    • Magnetism and Electromagnetism

      • Understanding the Relationship with Current

      • Understanding the Right Hand Rules

      • Understanding Magnetic Fields

      • Understanding Magnetic Forces

• Cells and Organelles

  • Distinguish between plant and animal cells

  • Identify structure and function of organelles

• Organisms

  • Determine if an object is living or non-living and whether it is unicellular or multicellular

• Cycling of Matter and Energy in Ecosystems

  • Explain the cycling of matter and energy in photosynthesis

  • Describe the flow of matter in the carbon cycle

  • Describe the flow of matter in the nitrogen cycle

  • Describe the flow of matter and energy in the water cycle

• Interdependent Relationships in Ecosystems

  • Understand food chains and food webs

  • Understand the effect of limited resources on populations

  • Explain relationships in ecosystems

  • Describe how humans can help maintain biodiversity

• Genetics and Heredity

  • Model genes, DNA, and chromosomes

  • Explain how genetic variation increases chances of survival

• Meiosis and Mitosis

  • Understand meiosis

  • Understand mitosis

• Punnett Squares

  • Use Punnett Squares

• Natural Selection

  • Understand the effects of mutations

  • Explain how natural selection leads to an increase or decrease in the expression of certain traits

• Structure and Properties of Matter

  • Describe atomic composition

  • Differentiate atoms, molecules, elements, and compounds

• The Periodic Table

  • Reading the periodic table

• Chemicals and Chemical Reactions

  • Compare and contrast synthetic materials and natural resources

  • Understand how changes in thermal energy affect particle motion, temperature, and state change

  • Determine whether a chemical reaction has occurred

  • Describe properties of substances

• Matter and Energy

  • Identify types of energy

  • Compare and contrast matter and energy

• Forces and Motion

  • Describe balanced and unbalanced forces

  • Interpret force diagrams and sums of forces

  • Determine factors that affect electric and electromagnetic forces

• Newton's Laws

  • Understand and apply Newton's laws

• Potential and Kinetic Energy

  • Describe how distance affects gravitational potential energy

  • Identify where potential energy is least or greatest as an object changes position

  • Describe the relationships between kinetic energy, mass, and speed

• Energy in Chemical Reactions

  • Model the law of conservation of mass using equations

  • Determine the relationships between energy transfer and type of matter

  • Determine the relationships between energy transfer and change in kinetic energy

• Waves and Electromagnetism

  • Interpret simple models of waves

  • Predict whether a wave will be reflected, absorbed, or transmitted through materials

• Organic Chemistry

  • Organic Concepts

    • Nucleophiles and Electrophiles

      • Identifying Nucleophiles

      • Identifying Electrophiles

      • Identifying Electron-Donating Groups

      • Identifying Electron-Withdrawing Groups

    • Reactions Types

      • Help with Addition Reactions

      • Help with Substitution Reactions

      • Help with Elimination Reactions

      • Help with Rearrangement Reactions

      • Help with Acid-Base Reactions

      • Help with Radical Reactions

      • Help with Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

    • Organic Functional Groups and Molecules

      • Organic Functional Groups+4 topics

        • Identifying Aromatic Compounds

        • Identifying Carbonyl Compounds

        • Identifying Amino Compounds

        • Identifying Other Organic Compounds

      • Organic Intermediates+4 topics

        • Identifying Imines and Enamines

        • Identifying Enolates

        • Identifying Carbocations

        • Help with Protecting Groups

    • Biological Molecules

      • Help with Organic Lipids

      • Help with Organic Carbohydrates

      • Help with Organic Proteins

      • Help with Other Biological Molecules

    • Intermolecular Forces and Stability

      • Help with Intermolecular Forces

      • Help with Molecular Properties

  • Reactions by Reactant

    • Hydrocarbon Reactants

      • Help with Alkane Reactions

      • Help with Alkene Reactions

      • Help with Alkyne Reactions

    • Carbonyl Reactants

      • Help with Aldehyde and Ketone Reactions

      • Help with Ether and Ester Reactions

      • Help with Carboxylic Acid Reactions

      • Help with Alcohol Reactions

      • Help with Other Carbonyl Reactions

    • Amino Reactants

      • Help with Nitro and Amide Reactions

  • Reactions by Product

    • Hydrocarbon Products

      • Help with Alkane Synthesis

      • Help with Alkene Synthesis

      • Help with Alkyne Synthesis

    • Carbonyl Products

      • Help with Aldehyde and Ketone Synthesis

      • Help with Ether and Ester Synthesis

      • Help with Carboxylic Acid Synthesis

      • Help with Alcohol Synthesis

      • Help with Other Carbonyl Products

    • Amino Products

      • Help with Amine Synthesis

      • Help with Nitro and Amide Synthesis

  • Specific Reactions and Named Reactions

    • Hydrocarbon Reactions

      • Help with Diels-Alder Reactions

      • Help with Ozonolysis

      • Help with Hydroboration

    • Reduction Reactions

      • Help with Wolff-Krishner Reduction

      • Help with Grignard Reactions

    • Carbonyl Reactions

      • Help with Aldol Condensation

      • Help with Esterification

      • Help with Wittig Reactions

      • Help with Haloform Reactions

      • Help with Keto-Enol Tautomerization

      • Help with Saponification

      • Help with Hydrolysis and Condensation Reactions

      • Help with Carboxylation and Decarboxylation

    • Other Reactions

      • Help with Hoffman Elimination

      • Help with Other Named Reactions

  • Reaction Mechanisms, Energetics, and Kinematics

    • Substitution Mechanisms

      • Help with SN1 Reactions

      • Help with SN2 Reactions

    • Elimination Mechanisms

      • Help with E1 Reactions

      • Help with E2 Reactions

    • Other Reaction Mechanisms

      • Help with Electron Pushing

      • Identifying Reaction Mechanisms

    • Reaction Energetics and Kinetmatics

      • Help with Activation Energy and Catalysts

      • Identifying Rate-Determining Step

      • Help with Energy Transfers

      • Help with Rate Calculations and Kinematics

  • Redox Chemistry

    • Organic Oxidizing Agents

      • Using Potassium Permanganate

      • Using PCC

      • Using Dichromate Compounds

      • Using Other Organic Oxidizing Agents

    • Organic Reducing Agents

      • Using Sodium Borohydride

      • Using Grignard Reagents

      • Using Lithium Aluminum Hydride

      • Using Other Organic Reducing Agents

    • Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

      • Finding Oxidation Number

      • Help with Oxidation

      • Help with Reduction

  • Stereochemistry

    • Benzene Additions

      • Assigning Ortho, Meta, Para

      • Predicting Benzene Orientation

    • Isomers

      • Help with Cis-Trans Isomers

      • Help with Enantiomers

      • Help with Diastereomers

      • Help with Meso Compounds

      • Help with Epimers

      • Help with Comformers

  • Laboratory Practices

    • How to Identify Compounds

    • How to Purify Compounds

    • How to Quantify Compounds

    • Using Other Organic Chemistry Lab Techniques

• Physical Chemistry

  • Electrochemistry

    • Oxidation-Reduction Fundamentals

    • Galvanic and Electrolytic Cells

    • Anodes and Cathodes

    • Batteries

    • Other Electrochemistry Concepts

  • Thermochemistry and Thermodynamics

    • Thermochemistry

      • Phase Changes

      • Phase Diagrams

      • Enthalpy of Reaction

      • Entropy of Reaction

      • Heat Capacity and Specific Heat

      • Calorimetry

      • Reaction Spontaneity

      • Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions

      • Other Thermochemistry Principles

    • Thermodynamics

      • Gibbs Free Energy

      • Enthalpy and Entropy

      • Laws of Thermodynamics

      • Heat Transfer

      • Work

      • Isothermic, Isobaric, and Adiabatic Processes

      • Thermodynamic Equilibrium

      • Other Thermodynamic Principles

  • Equilibrium and Kinetics

    • Reaction Equilibrium

      • Defining Equilibrium

      • Equilibrium Constant and Reaction Quotient

      • Le Chatelier's Principle

      • Equilibrium in Solution

      • Acid-Base Equilibrium and Titration

    • Reaction Kinetics

      • Rate Law and Reaction Order

      • Michaelis-Menton Analysis

      • Catalysts and Enzymes

      • Inhibitors

  • Nuclear, Quantum, and Molecular Chemistry

    • Atoms and Elements

      • Atomic Nucleus

      • Nuclear Forces

      • Electron Configuration

      • Orbitals and Hybridization

      • Valence Electrons

      • Periodic Table Trends

      • Other Atomic Concepts

    • Molecules

      • Covalent Bonding

      • Bond Energetics

      • Bond Strength and Polarity

      • Molecular Geometry and VSEPR

      • Other Molecular Concepts

    • Quantum Chemistry

      • Photons and Photon Energy

      • Emission and Absorption Spectra

      • Electromagnetic Spectrum and Radiation

      • Principles of Quantum Mechanics

      • Quantum Numbers

      • Spectroscopy

      • Other Quantum Concepts

  • Phases and Properties of Matter

    • Solids and Liquids

      • Properties of Solids

      • Lattices and Solid Structures

      • Properties of Liquids

      • Viscosity and Flow Mechanics

    • Gases

      • Gas Laws

      • Real and Ideal Gases

    • Ions and Solutions

      • Solubility Rules

      • Properties of Ions

      • Properties of Solutions

    • Colligative Properties

      • Boiling Point

      • Freezing Point

      • Vapor Pressure

      • Other Colligative Properties

    • Intermolecular Forces

      • Identifying Intermolecular Forces

      • Properties Derived from Intermolecular Forces

    • General Physical Properties

      • Density

      • Statistical Mechanics and Predicting Behavior

    • Phase Interfaces and Surfaces

      • Factors Affecting Phase Interactions

      • Other Phase Interface Principles