Adult ESL/ELL Intermediate Quiz: Sharing And Responding To Opinions
10 questions · exam conditions
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Sharing And Responding To OpinionsQuestion 1 of 10

In an adult ESL class discussion, the teacher asks students to respond to this statement: "Social media is harmful to young people." A student named Ana says, "I agree. Young people spend too much time on their phones and don't talk to each other face to face anymore." Her classmate Dmitri wants to partially agree but also add a contrasting point.

Which response from Dmitri MOST effectively shows partial agreement followed by a contrasting opinion supported by an example?

"You make a fair point, Ana, and I agree it can be a problem. However, I think social media also helps young people stay connected with family who live far away. For example, my nephew video-calls his grandparents every Sunday because of apps like this."
"Ana, I completely agree with everything you said. Young people really do spend too much time on their phones, and I've seen this with my own children, so your point is very well made and accurate."
"That's one way to look at it, but I think the real problem is that schools don't teach students how to use technology responsibly. If they did, social media would not be such a big issue for young people today."
"I'm not sure I agree, Ana. There is no real proof that social media is harmful, and many experts have different opinions about this topic, so we should not make any conclusions without reading more research first."
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Adult ESL/ELL Intermediate Quiz

Adult ESL/ELL Intermediate Quiz: Sharing And Responding To Opinions

Practice Sharing And Responding To Opinions in Adult ESL/ELL Intermediate with focused quiz questions that help you check what you know, review explanations, and build confidence with test-style prompts.

What this quiz covers

This quiz focuses on Sharing And Responding To Opinions, giving you a quick way to practice the rules, question types, and explanations that matter most for Adult ESL/ELL Intermediate.

How to use this quiz

Try each quiz question before looking at the correct answer. Use the explanations to review missed ideas, then come back to similar questions until the pattern feels familiar.

All questions

Question 1

In an adult ESL class discussion, the teacher asks students to respond to this statement: "Social media is harmful to young people." A student named Ana says, "I agree. Young people spend too much time on their phones and don't talk to each other face to face anymore." Her classmate Dmitri wants to partially agree but also add a contrasting point.

Which response from Dmitri MOST effectively shows partial agreement followed by a contrasting opinion supported by an example?

  1. "You make a fair point, Ana, and I agree it can be a problem. However, I think social media also helps young people stay connected with family who live far away. For example, my nephew video-calls his grandparents every Sunday because of apps like this." (correct answer)
  2. "Ana, I completely agree with everything you said. Young people really do spend too much time on their phones, and I've seen this with my own children, so your point is very well made and accurate."
  3. "That's one way to look at it, but I think the real problem is that schools don't teach students how to use technology responsibly. If they did, social media would not be such a big issue for young people today."
  4. "I'm not sure I agree, Ana. There is no real proof that social media is harmful, and many experts have different opinions about this topic, so we should not make any conclusions without reading more research first."
Explanation: When you see a question asking you to identify "partial agreement followed by a contrasting opinion with an example," break it into three checkboxes: Does the speaker agree a little? Does the speaker then disagree or add a different view? Is there a specific example to support that view? All three boxes must be checked. Answer A checks all three. Dmitri opens with "You make a fair point... I agree it can be a problem" — that's the partial agreement. Then "However, I think social media also helps young people stay connected" introduces the contrast. Finally, "my nephew video-calls his grandparents every Sunday" is a concrete, personal example. A is your correct answer. Answer B fails because Dmitri says he "completely agrees with everything" Ana said. That's full agreement, not partial — there's no contrasting point at all, which is exactly what the question requires. Answer C has a contrasting opinion (blaming schools instead), but there's no partial agreement first. Dmitri skips acknowledging Ana's point entirely, and there's no supporting example. The structure is incomplete. Answer D also skips partial agreement and instead challenges Ana by saying there's "no real proof." That's direct disagreement, not partial agreement. It also offers no example — just a vague reference to "experts" and "research." A useful strategy: on questions about discussion language and opinion structure, always map the response to the exact structure the question names. If the question says "partial agreement then contrast with example," treat those as three required ingredients. If even one is missing, that answer is wrong no matter how polite or academic it sounds.

Question 2

In an intermediate ESL class, students are learning to use specific phrases for sharing opinions. A student wants to introduce her opinion on a sensitive topic — whether companies should require employees to speak only English at work — without sounding aggressive or absolute. Which sentence BEST achieves this goal while also indicating that she has a reason to support her view?

  1. "Everyone knows that speaking only English at work is unfair to employees who grew up speaking other languages, and any company that requires this is clearly discriminating against its workers."
  2. "I don't really have a strong opinion about this, but I suppose some people might think English-only policies are unfair, while others might think they help with communication, so it's hard to say either way."
  3. "It seems to me that requiring English-only policies could hurt team morale, especially in workplaces where many employees share a common heritage language that helps them communicate more efficiently and comfortably." (correct answer)
  4. "In my experience working in a bilingual office, English-only rules made it harder for us to work together, so I believe all companies with diverse employees should immediately eliminate any language restrictions they currently have."
Explanation: When sharing opinions in English — especially on sensitive topics — skilled speakers use hedging language to sound thoughtful rather than aggressive, while still signaling they have real reasons behind their view. The goal is to express a position without shutting down dialogue or sounding like you're attacking others who disagree. Choice C does this perfectly. The phrase "It seems to me" signals a personal perspective rather than a universal truth, which immediately lowers the emotional temperature. The word "could" (instead of "will" or "does") adds further hedging, acknowledging uncertainty. Crucially, C also provides a specific reason — the impact on team morale and the practical value of heritage languages — so the speaker sounds thoughtful and informed, not just opinionated. Choice A is the strongest trap because it sounds confident, but it uses absolute language ("everyone knows," "clearly discriminating") that attacks companies and dismisses opposing views entirely. This is exactly the aggressive tone the student wants to avoid. Choice B goes too far in the opposite direction — it abandons any real opinion and sounds wishy-washy, offering no personal stance at all. A good opinion statement still has an opinion. Choice D starts promisingly with personal experience, but it ends with a demand ("should immediately eliminate") that is prescriptive and absolute, undermining the goal of sounding measured and open. A useful tip: watch for the balance between hedging (softening your claim) and grounding (giving a reason). Good opinion phrases do both. If a sentence hedges but gives no reason, it's weak. If it gives reasons but hedges nothing, it can sound aggressive.

Question 3

Read this exchange from a community meeting about a proposed new shopping mall.

Resident 1 (Maria): "I support building the mall. It will create jobs and give people more shopping options close to home." Resident 2 (Tom): "I understand the job argument, but I'm concerned about the traffic it will bring. Our streets are already congested during rush hour, and adding thousands of shoppers daily would make it much worse for everyone who lives near the proposed site." Resident 3 (Yuki): "Both of you make good points. Jobs are definitely needed here. Still, I think the city should build a smaller community center instead — it would create some jobs, bring people together, and not generate as much traffic as a large mall would."

Compared to Tom's response, what additional communication strategy does Yuki use that Tom does NOT use?

  1. Yuki supports her opinion with a specific personal experience, while Tom relies only on general claims about traffic without connecting them to his own daily life or neighborhood.
  2. Yuki acknowledges both speakers' views and then proposes an alternative solution with reasons, while Tom only addresses one side and states a concern without offering any alternative. (correct answer)
  3. Yuki directly disagrees with Maria's point about jobs, while Tom avoids challenging Maria and only raises a separate traffic issue without commenting on her job creation argument.
  4. Yuki uses more formal language and polite expressions than Tom does, which makes her response more appropriate for a public meeting setting with community members present.
Explanation: When analyzing a conversation or debate, pay close attention to what each speaker does — not just what they say. Notice whether speakers acknowledge others, offer solutions, or simply state concerns. This question asks you to compare two speakers' communication strategies, so your job is to identify the structural moves each person makes. Looking at Tom's response, he does two things: he briefly acknowledges Maria's job argument ("I understand"), then raises a concern about traffic. That's it — he identifies a problem but offers no solution. Yuki, by contrast, acknowledges both speakers ("Both of you make good points"), agrees that jobs matter, and then proposes a concrete alternative: a smaller community center. She even gives reasons why it's better. This makes B the correct answer — Yuki acknowledges both sides and offers an alternative with reasoning, while Tom only addresses one concern without suggesting any solution. Answer A is incorrect because Yuki never mentions a personal experience — she makes general claims about community needs, just like Tom does. There's no personal story in her response. Answer C gets it backwards. Yuki doesn't directly disagree with Maria about jobs — she actually agrees that jobs are needed. It's Tom who gently pushes back on Maria's position. Answer D is a trap. Both Tom and Yuki use polite, appropriate language for a public meeting. There's no meaningful difference in formality between their responses, so this choice isn't supported by the text. Your strategy: when comparing speakers, make a quick checklist — Does each speaker acknowledge others? Offer solutions? Give reasons? This helps you spot structural differences quickly and avoid being distracted by what the speakers say versus how they say it.

Question 4

Read the short conversation between two neighbors, Fatima and Leon.

Fatima: "Honestly, I think public transportation in this city is good enough. The buses run pretty regularly, and the fares are affordable for most people." Leon: "I hear you, but I disagree. The buses are always late in my neighborhood, and for people who work night shifts, there are almost no options after 10 p.m. I take the last bus home and sometimes wait over 40 minutes."

What does Leon's response demonstrate about effective interpersonal communication when sharing an opposing opinion?

  1. Leon avoids conflict by using vague language and not directly stating whether he agrees or disagrees with Fatima's overall position on public transportation.
  2. Leon acknowledges Fatima's view, clearly states his disagreement, and supports his opinion with two specific reasons drawn from his own experience as evidence. (correct answer)
  3. Leon mainly agrees with Fatima but adds a minor complaint about late buses, which shows he is willing to compromise rather than fully oppose her stated position.
  4. Leon disagrees with Fatima but relies only on general feelings and emotional language rather than providing concrete details or personal examples to back up his view.
Explanation: When a question asks what someone's response "demonstrates about effective interpersonal communication," you should focus on how the speaker communicates — not just what they say. Look for three key elements: Does the speaker acknowledge the other person's view? Do they clearly state their own position? Do they support it with specific evidence? Leon's response does all three. He opens with "I hear you" — a phrase that shows he listened and respects Fatima's perspective — then immediately says "but I disagree," which is a direct, honest statement of his position. He then provides two concrete reasons rooted in personal experience: buses are consistently late in his neighborhood, and night-shift workers have almost no options after 10 p.m. He even adds a specific detail — waiting over 40 minutes for the last bus. This is exactly what effective communication looks like when sharing an opposing opinion. Answer B correctly identifies all of these moves. Answer A is wrong because Leon does the opposite of using vague language — he states his disagreement clearly and directly. Answer C misreads the conversation entirely; Leon does not partially agree or compromise. He fully opposes Fatima's claim that the system is "good enough." Answer D is the trickiest distractor because it gets the disagreement right but mischaracterizes how Leon supports it. He does not rely on emotional language or vague feelings — he gives specific facts and a personal example, which are concrete details. A useful strategy: when evaluating communication style, always ask yourself, "Is this person clear, direct, and specific?" Those three qualities almost always point to effective communication on this exam.

Question 5

Carlos and his coworker Priya are on break at work. Priya says, "I think employees should be allowed to work from home at least three days a week. People are more productive when they're comfortable, and it saves commute time." Carlos wants to disagree respectfully and add his own perspective.

Which response from Carlos BEST shows that he is sharing a different opinion while acknowledging Priya's point and supporting his view with a reason?

  1. "I see what you mean about commute time, but I actually think working in the office is better for teamwork. When people are in the same space, problems get solved faster because you can just walk over to someone's desk instead of sending emails back and forth." (correct answer)
  2. "That's interesting. Have you ever tried working from home for a whole week? I did once and it was really hard to stay focused, so I'm not sure your idea would work for everyone in different kinds of jobs."
  3. "You're completely right that commuting takes a lot of time. I also think productivity is important, and many studies show that remote workers finish their tasks on time, so your point makes a lot of sense to me."
  4. "Working from home sounds nice, but our manager already decided the schedule, so I don't think it matters what we think. We should just follow the rules that are already in place at this company."
Explanation: When someone disagrees respectfully in a conversation, they typically do three things: acknowledge the other person's point, share their own different opinion, and give a reason to support it. This pattern — acknowledge, disagree, explain — is exactly what this question is testing. Answer A does all three smoothly. Carlos validates Priya's point about commute time ("I see what you mean about commute time"), clearly states his different view ("working in the office is better for teamwork"), and backs it up with a concrete reason (problems get solved faster when you can walk to someone's desk). This is respectful disagreement done right. Answer B might seem reasonable, but Carlos never actually states his own opinion clearly. Instead, he asks a question and hints at doubt ("I'm not sure your idea would work"), which comes across as indirect and slightly dismissive rather than a confident, respectful counter-perspective. Answer C is a trap — it sounds polite, but Carlos isn't disagreeing at all. He ends up agreeing with Priya completely ("your point makes a lot of sense to me"). This answer tests whether you notice that agreeing is not the same as sharing a different perspective. Answer D dismisses the conversation entirely by saying their opinions don't matter because management already decided. This shuts down dialogue rather than engaging with it, and it doesn't acknowledge Priya's point or offer a reasoned counter-view. The tip to remember: when a question asks for respectful disagreement, check that the response does all three steps — acknowledge, counter, reason. If any one of those is missing, it's probably the wrong answer.

Question 6

Read the following excerpt from a classroom role-play transcript.

Student A: "I think people should adopt pets from shelters instead of buying from breeders. Shelters have so many animals that need homes, and it's usually much cheaper too." Student B: "I get that, and shelters are definitely important. From my experience, though, I bought my dog from a breeder because I needed a hypoallergenic breed for my daughter, who has severe allergies. Not everyone has the same options when it comes to choosing a pet."

A language instructor evaluating this role-play would MOST likely say that Student B's response is effective primarily because it does which of the following?

  1. It completely rejects Student A's opinion by arguing that buying from breeders is always a better choice, using a personal story to prove that shelters cannot meet everyone's needs.
  2. It changes the topic from pet adoption to family health issues, which avoids addressing Student A's actual argument about cost and the number of animals in shelters.
  3. It agrees with Student A's main point about shelters being important but fails to offer any personal reason or example that would justify a different choice in certain situations.
  4. It uses a personal example that introduces a specific limiting condition — a medical need — to show why the original opinion does not apply equally to all people in all circumstances. (correct answer)
Explanation: When evaluating spoken or written communication, language instructors look at how well a speaker acknowledges another viewpoint while also introducing relevant context that complicates or limits the original claim. This is called qualified agreement — you accept part of what someone says but explain why a different choice may still be valid under specific conditions. Student B does exactly this. She first validates Student A's point ("shelters are definitely important"), then introduces a personal example — a daughter with severe allergies requiring a hypoallergenic breed — to explain why buying from a breeder was necessary in her situation. This is a textbook example of using a limiting condition: rather than saying Student A is completely wrong, she shows that the original opinion doesn't apply equally to everyone. That makes D the correct answer, as it precisely captures this technique. A misreads the response entirely. Student B never argues that breeders are always better or that shelters can't meet needs — she only says they couldn't meet her specific need. B is also incorrect because Student B doesn't abandon Student A's argument; she addresses it directly before adding her personal context. The topic of allergies supports her reasoning rather than replacing the original discussion. C gets it backwards — Student B does provide a personal reason and example, which is exactly the strength of her response, not a weakness. A useful strategy: when a question asks why a response is effective, look for balance — does the speaker acknowledge the other view and add meaningful, specific reasoning? That combination is usually the answer.

Question 7

Read this conversation between two students during a group discussion in an ESL class.

Marcus: "I think it's better to live in a big city than in a small town. Cities have more job opportunities, better public transportation, and more cultural events to enjoy." Sofia: "I can see why you'd say that, Marcus. But from where I'm standing, small towns offer something cities often can't — a real sense of community. My hometown has about 8,000 people, and everyone knows their neighbors. When my mother was sick last year, three families brought us food without us even asking."

Which analysis of Sofia's response is MOST accurate from the perspective of effective opinion-sharing in interpersonal communication?

  1. Sofia's response is only partially effective because, while she shares a contrasting opinion, she never directly addresses any of Marcus's three specific points about jobs, transportation, or cultural events, leaving his arguments unanswered.
  2. Sofia's response is ineffective because she spends too much time on personal details about her hometown and her mother, which causes her to lose focus on the main discussion topic of city versus small-town living.
  3. Sofia's response is fully effective because she validates Marcus's perspective, clearly states a contrasting opinion about community, and uses a specific personal example that concretely illustrates her point rather than speaking in generalities. (correct answer)
  4. Sofia's response is effective primarily because of her formal language and polished sentence structure, which demonstrate a high level of English proficiency appropriate for an academic group discussion setting.
Explanation: When analyzing communication in a group discussion, you want to ask three key questions: Does the speaker acknowledge the other person's view? Do they clearly state their own position? Do they support it with concrete evidence? These are the hallmarks of effective opinion-sharing in interpersonal communication. Sofia's response does all three things well, making C the correct answer. She opens with "I can see why you'd say that" — a classic validation move that shows she's listening without abandoning her own view. She then states a clear contrasting opinion: small towns offer genuine community. Finally, she backs it up with a specific, memorable example — her mother's illness and the neighbors who brought food unprompted. That story transforms an abstract claim into something real and persuasive. That's strong communication. Answer A might tempt you because it sounds logical — Marcus did make three specific points, and Sofia doesn't respond to each one. But effective discussion doesn't require point-by-point rebuttal. Sofia is introducing a new dimension to the argument, which is a legitimate and common strategy. A misses the bigger picture of what makes communication work. Answer B misreads the purpose of personal examples. The story about her mother isn't a distraction — it's the evidence. In interpersonal communication, personal anecdotes are often the most persuasive tool available. B would only be correct if the story were irrelevant, which it isn't. Answer D focuses on style over substance. Sofia's language is natural and conversational, not formally polished, and that's perfectly appropriate. Effective communication isn't graded on formality. When you see questions about communication effectiveness, always focus on function — what the words accomplish — not just form.

Question 8

An ESL student is trying to practice giving opinions with examples in a conversation. She says: "In my opinion, cooking at home is healthier than eating at restaurants. For instance, when I make dinner, I can control how much salt and oil I use." Her conversation partner responds: "That's true for some people, but eating out can also be healthy if you choose the right dishes. Salads and grilled items are usually good options, and many restaurants now list the calories on the menu." Which statement BEST describes what the conversation partner does in his response?

  1. The partner fully agrees with the student's opinion but redirects the conversation toward restaurant menus, which suggests he is changing the subject rather than directly engaging with her specific example about salt and oil.
  2. The partner concedes partial validity of the student's opinion, then challenges it by offering a counterexample with specific supporting details that address the same underlying concern about health. (correct answer)
  3. The partner ignores the student's specific example about salt and oil and instead shifts to an entirely new topic about restaurant menus and calorie labels that was not connected to what the student originally said.
  4. The partner disagrees completely with the student's opinion without acknowledging any part of her view, and supports his position only with a personal anecdote about his own regular eating habits at restaurants.
Explanation: When analyzing a conversation like this one, focus on the structure of each speaker's response: Does the partner agree, disagree, or do something in between? And how does he support his position? The student gives an opinion ("cooking at home is healthier") and backs it up with a specific example about controlling salt and oil. The partner starts with "That's true for some people" — this is a partial concession, meaning he acknowledges some validity in her view without fully agreeing. Then he pivots with "but," introducing a counterpoint: eating out can be healthy if you make smart choices. He supports this with specific details — salads, grilled items, and calorie labels — which all connect directly to the same underlying concern the student raised: health. That makes B correct. The partner concedes partial validity, then challenges her view with a relevant counterexample and supporting details. Choice A is wrong because the partner does not fully agree — he uses "but" to introduce disagreement, which is the opposite of full agreement. Choice C is wrong because the partner's response is directly connected to the student's topic of healthy eating; restaurant menus and calorie labels are relevant, not random. Choice D is wrong on two counts: the partner explicitly acknowledges part of her view ("That's true for some people"), so he does not disagree completely, and he never mentions personal eating habits. As a study tip, watch for signal words like "but," "however," and "although" — they almost always signal a counterargument, not a full agreement or a topic change.

Question 9

An ESL teacher gives students this situation: You are at a neighborhood meeting. Someone says, "I think the empty lot on Main Street should be turned into a parking lot. There's never enough parking around here, and it would help local businesses." You disagree — you think the lot should become a park. You need to respond.

Which response BEST demonstrates the skill of acknowledging the speaker's concern, disagreeing respectfully, proposing an alternative view, AND supporting that alternative with a specific example or reason?

  1. "A parking lot might seem like a good idea, but I actually think a park would benefit the neighborhood more. Research shows that green spaces increase property values, and children here currently have to travel far just to find a safe place to play outside."
  2. "I completely disagree. A parking lot is a terrible use of that space, and I think most people here would agree that we need more green areas in this city, not more concrete and cars polluting the air we breathe."
  3. "That's a valid concern about parking, and I'm sure businesses would appreciate it. I just wonder if there might be other solutions we haven't fully considered yet, like building a parking structure somewhere else nearby."
  4. "I hear your point about businesses, and parking is definitely a real issue in this area. A park, however, would also help local businesses by bringing in more foot traffic from families and visitors who come to enjoy the outdoor space." (correct answer)
Explanation: When responding to someone you disagree with in a discussion or meeting, strong communicators do four things: acknowledge the other person's concern, disagree respectfully, propose an alternative, and support that alternative with specific evidence or reasoning. Questions like this test whether you can recognize all four elements together — not just one or two. Answer D does all four things smoothly. It opens by validating the speaker's concern ("parking is definitely a real issue"), disagrees without being dismissive, proposes a park as the alternative, and then supports that alternative with a specific, logical reason — a park would bring foot traffic from families and visitors, which also helps local businesses. Notice how D even uses the speaker's own concern (helping businesses) to argue for the park. That's sophisticated, respectful persuasion. Answer A is close, but it misses the first requirement. It never truly acknowledges the speaker's concern about parking or businesses — it jumps straight to disagreeing and presenting evidence. It's well-supported but not fully respectful in structure. Answer B is the weakest choice. It dismisses the speaker entirely ("a parking lot is a terrible use"), makes an unsupported appeal to what "most people" think, and offers no real alternative or specific evidence. This is the kind of response that shuts down a conversation rather than advancing it. Answer C acknowledges the concern and stays polite, but it never actually proposes a clear alternative view. Suggesting "other solutions we haven't considered" is vague — it doesn't commit to a position or support one with evidence. When evaluating responses in conversation or writing tasks, use a mental checklist: Did they acknowledge? Disagree respectfully? Propose clearly? Support specifically? D checks every box.

Question 10

A student is practicing how to respond to a classmate's opinion in an ESL class. The classmate says: "I believe it's important for children to learn a second language before age ten because young brains learn languages more easily." Which response MOST appropriately shows the student partially agreeing and then adding a new, distinct reason to further support that same position — while maintaining a respectful, conversational tone?

  1. "You might be right about young brains, but I'd also add that starting early gives children more years to practice, so by the time they're adults, they're truly fluent — not just conversational. That's an advantage that's hard to make up later." (correct answer)
  2. "I think you're wrong about that. Children don't always learn languages faster than adults, and research suggests that motivated adults can also reach fluency with the right instruction and enough consistent practice over time."
  3. "That's a really interesting point. I completely agree that young children learn languages very quickly, and I think your reason about young brains is the most important factor in language learning for everyone."
  4. "I'm not an expert, so it's hard for me to say if you're right or wrong. I guess it depends on the child, the language, and maybe also on the teaching methods being used in the classroom setting."
Explanation: When responding to a classmate's opinion in conversation, you often want to show that you're listening and engaged — not just waiting for your turn to talk. One powerful strategy is partial agreement plus extension: you acknowledge what the other person said, then add a new reason that supports the same conclusion. This shows both respect and independent thinking. Answer A does this well. It opens with "You might be right about young brains" — a genuine but not exaggerated acknowledgment — and then introduces a completely separate reason: that starting early gives children more years to practice, leading to true fluency by adulthood. This is a distinct point that builds on the original claim without simply restating it. The tone stays conversational and collaborative, which is exactly right for a classroom discussion. Answer B is a direct disagreement, not a partial agreement. It challenges the classmate's reasoning and shifts the focus toward adults — the opposite position entirely. While disagreement is sometimes appropriate, it doesn't match what the question asks for. Answer C appears agreeable, but it fails to add anything new. It simply restates the classmate's own idea ("young brains") and calls it "the most important factor." That's full agreement with no extension — more like an echo than a contribution. Answer D avoids taking any position at all. While hedging can sometimes be polite, this response is so vague that it adds nothing to the conversation. It doesn't agree, disagree, or extend the discussion in any meaningful way. Study tip: When a question asks for "partial agreement + new reason," look for a response that has two clear moves: a soft acknowledgment and a fresh supporting point that goes beyond what was already said.