Interpreting Nonliteral Language — Use nearby clues to interpret a nonliteral expression. - SHSAT English Language Arts

SECTION 1

Why Figurative Language Matters

People have used nonliteral language (words that don't mean exactly what they say) for thousands of years. Poets, storytellers, and everyday speakers all rely on figurative expressions to make ideas vivid and memorable. On the SHSAT, you will run into passages filled with metaphors, idioms, and other creative phrases. Your job is to figure out what the author really means.

~800 BCE • Homer's Epic Similes

In the Iliad and Odyssey, Homer compared warriors to lions and storms, creating some of the earliest recorded figurative language.

~350 BCE • Aristotle Studies Metaphor

The Greek philosopher Aristotle wrote the first known guide to metaphor, calling it a sign of genius to see connections between unlike things.

1600s • Shakespeare's Figurative Feast

William Shakespeare filled his plays and sonnets with metaphors, personification, and wordplay that audiences still study today.

Today • Standardized Test Reading

Tests like the SHSAT ask you to interpret nonliteral expressions by examining the surrounding text for context clues.

Here's the big question this lesson answers: when you read a phrase that doesn't make sense if you take it word-for-word, how do you figure out the author's intended meaning? The answer is simple — you look at the nearby clues the author provides in the sentences before, after, and around the expression.

SECTION 2

Core Principles of Nonliteral Language

Before you can decode figurative expressions, you need to understand a few key ideas. These principles will guide you every time you meet an unfamiliar or creative phrase on the SHSAT.

Literal vs. Nonliteral

Literal language means exactly what it says. Nonliteral language uses words in a creative or exaggerated way to express an idea.

Context Clues Are King

Context clues are the words and sentences surrounding an expression. They hint at, restate, or contrast with the figurative phrase's meaning.

Tone and Emotion

The overall tone (mood or feeling) of the passage tells you whether a phrase is positive, negative, humorous, or serious.

Types of Figurative Language

Common types include metaphors, similes, idioms, personification, and hyperbole.

The Substitution Test

Replace the figurative phrase with your interpretation. If the sentence still makes sense in context, your interpretation is likely correct.

✦

KEY TAKEAWAY

Think of nonliteral language like an emoji in a text message. 🔥 doesn't mean something is actually on fire — you look at the rest of the message to know if it means "awesome" or "heated argument." The same idea applies to reading. The words around a figurative expression are your emoji decoder ring.

SECTION 3

Visualizing the Clue-Finding Process

The diagram below shows how nearby clues help you interpret a nonliteral expression. Imagine the figurative phrase sitting in the center of a passage. The clues orbit around it, each one narrowing down the meaning.

The figurative expression sits in the center. Four types of nearby clues — the prior sentence, the following sentence, the tone or mood, and the overall topic — all point toward the expression's real meaning.

Notice how each clue contributes a piece of the puzzle. You rarely need just one clue. Usually, two or three of them work together to confirm the meaning. That's why it's so important to read a few sentences before and after a tricky phrase before jumping to an answer.

SECTION 4

How the Clue-Finding Strategy Works

Let's break the strategy into a clear, repeatable process. Think of it as a recipe you follow every time you hit a nonliteral expression on the SHSAT.

The Four-Step Decode Method

Step 1 — Spot the expression. Ask yourself: "Does this phrase make sense if I take it literally?" If not, it's nonliteral.
Step 2 — Read around it. Read at least one or two sentences before and after the expression. Look for words that describe a feeling, an action, or a situation.
Step 3 — Form a guess. Based on the clues you found, come up with a plain-English meaning for the expression.
Step 4 — Substitute and check. Replace the figurative phrase with your guess. If the sentence still makes sense and matches the passage's tone, you likely have the right answer.

💡

SHSAT Tip

On the real test, the question will often say something like: "In paragraph 3, the phrase 'burned through the project' most likely means…" This is your signal to use the Four-Step Decode Method. Go back to paragraph 3 and read the sentences around that phrase before looking at the answer choices.

There is no formula with numbers here, but there is a logical framework. Each step narrows down the meaning just like a detective narrows down suspects. The more clues you gather, the more confident you can be.

SECTION 5

Types of Context Clues to Look For

Not all clues look the same. Authors use different techniques to hint at what a figurative expression means. Knowing these clue types will help you find them faster.

This chart shows the five most common types of context clues. Notice how the example at the bottom uses a cause-and-effect clue — the consequence of detention reveals that "on thin ice" means being close to serious trouble.

Clue Type	Signal Words	Example
Restatement	in other words, that is, meaning	"He hit the nail on the head — in other words, he got the answer exactly right."
Contrast	but, however, unlike, instead	"Unlike her calm sister, Maria was a firecracker." (= lively and energetic)
Example	for instance, such as, like	"The team was firing on all cylinders — scoring goals, blocking shots, and dominating the field."
Cause/Effect	because, so, as a result	"He burned his bridges, so no company would hire him again." (= ruined relationships)
Emotional Tone	feeling words, descriptive adjectives	"She felt crushed and humiliated; the rejection was a slap in the face."

Common clue types, their signal words, and examples

SECTION 6

Worked Example: Decoding a Passage

Let's walk through a complete example using a short passage like the ones you'll see on the SHSAT.

📝

Sample Passage

"After weeks of studying, Jamal finally reached the summit. He stared at the math test with a wide grin, his pencil flying across the page. Every problem looked familiar, every formula clicked into place."

The question asks: In this passage, the phrase "reached the summit" most likely means —

Four-Step Decode in Action

1
Step 1 — Spot the Expression

"Reached the summit" literally means climbing to the top of a mountain. Jamal is not climbing a mountain — he's taking a math test. So this phrase is nonliteral.
2
Step 2 — Read Around It

Before the phrase: "After weeks of studying" — this tells us he put in a lot of effort. After the phrase: "wide grin," "pencil flying," "every problem looked familiar" — these clues show confidence and success.
3
Step 3 — Form a Guess

A summit is the highest point. Combined with the clues about effort and success, "reached the summit" probably means Jamal reached his peak of preparation — he had fully mastered the material.

Guess: "achieved the highest level of readiness"
4
Step 4 — Substitute and Check

Replace the phrase: "After weeks of studying, Jamal finally achieved the highest level of readiness." Does this match the grinning, confident student? Yes!

✓ The interpretation fits. Jamal was fully prepared for the test.

SECTION 7

Common Mistakes vs. Winning Strategies

Even strong readers make mistakes with nonliteral language questions. Let's compare what goes wrong with what works best.

Common Mistake	Why It's Wrong	Winning Strategy
Choosing the literal meaning	If the question says "most likely means," a literal answer is almost always a trap.	Eliminate any answer choice that describes the literal, word-for-word meaning.
Ignoring the surrounding sentences	The expression alone can have many possible meanings. Context narrows it to one.	Always read 1–2 sentences before and after the expression.
Picking an answer that sounds smart but doesn't fit the tone	A happy passage won't use a sad phrase, even if the vocabulary seems impressive.	Match your answer to the passage's overall tone and emotion.
Rushing and relying on memory of idioms	Some expressions are unfamiliar or used in unusual ways. Guessing from memory can backfire.	Use the Four-Step Decode Method even if you think you know the phrase.

Mistakes versus strategies for interpreting nonliteral language

✦

KEY TAKEAWAY

Imagine you're watching a movie with the sound off. You can still figure out if a scene is happy, scary, or sad by looking at the actors' faces and the lighting. Context clues work the same way — they're the "faces and lighting" of a passage. Even if you've never heard the expression before, the surrounding words will show you what it means.

SECTION 8

Connecting to Advanced Reading Skills

Interpreting nonliteral language is a stepping stone to more advanced reading skills you'll use in high school and beyond. Let's see how this skill connects to bigger ideas.

Skill You're Learning Now	Advanced Version
Using nearby clues to interpret a single expression	Analyzing extended metaphors that run through an entire passage or poem
Identifying tone from feeling words	Evaluating an author's overall rhetorical strategy and voice
Substituting a plain-English meaning	Paraphrasing complex arguments in your own words for essays
Recognizing idioms and metaphors	Identifying symbolism, allegory, and cultural allusions in literature

How this lesson's skills connect to advanced reading

On the SHSAT specifically, this skill overlaps with vocabulary-in-context questions and author's purpose questions. When you understand why an author chose a figurative phrase instead of a plain one, you start to understand their purpose and craft. That deeper understanding will help you on many question types, not just nonliteral language questions.

SECTION 9

Practice Problems

Try these five problems on your own. Each one gets a little harder. After you form your answer, check the explanation below it.

Question 1: CONCEPTUAL

Read this sentence: "The news hit her like a ton of bricks." Is the phrase "like a ton of bricks" literal or nonliteral? How do you know?

Show answer

The phrase is nonliteral. No actual bricks are falling on anyone. The comparison "like a ton of bricks" is a simile that exaggerates the emotional impact of the news. You can tell it's nonliteral because the subject is "news" — news doesn't have physical weight. The phrase means the news was shocking and overwhelming.

Question 2: BASIC CALCULATION

Read this passage: "Marcus kept his cards close to his chest. He didn't tell anyone about his science project until the day of the fair." Using the nearby clue, what does "kept his cards close to his chest" most likely mean? (A) He held playing cards against his body. (B) He was secretive about his plans. (C) He was nervous about gambling. (D) He forgot to share his work.

Show answer

The answer is (B). The sentence after the expression is the key clue: "He didn't tell anyone about his science project until the day of the fair." This restatement clue shows that Marcus was keeping something hidden on purpose. Choice (A) is the literal trap. Choice (C) has nothing to do with the passage. Choice (D) says he "forgot," but the passage shows he chose not to share — he was deliberate, not forgetful.

Question 3: INTERMEDIATE

Read this passage: "The old house had seen better days. Paint peeled from its walls in long strips, and the porch sagged like a tired old man. Yet the garden out front burst with color, as if defying the decay around it." What does the phrase "had seen better days" most likely mean, and which clue type helps you figure it out?

Show answer

"Had seen better days" means the house was once in good condition but is now run-down and falling apart. The clue type is example. The sentences that follow give concrete examples of the house's poor condition: peeling paint and a sagging porch. These details illustrate what "seen better days" looks like. The contrast with the colorful garden (introduced with "yet") further confirms that the house itself is in bad shape.

Question 4: APPLIED

Read this passage: "Coach Diaz threw down the gauntlet at practice. 'If anyone can beat my record from 1998, I'll buy the whole team pizza,' she said. The runners exchanged excited glances and stretched with new determination." What does "threw down the gauntlet" mean in this context? Identify at least two context clues that support your answer.

Show answer

"Threw down the gauntlet" means Coach Diaz issued a bold challenge. The first clue is a restatement clue: the next sentence directly quotes the challenge ("If anyone can beat my record…"). The second clue is a cause-and-effect clue: because the challenge was made, the runners responded with excitement and extra effort ("exchanged excited glances," "stretched with new determination"). Together, these clues confirm that the expression means issuing a daring challenge, not literally throwing a glove on the ground.

Question 5: CRITICAL THINKING

Read this passage: "The committee's report was a double-edged sword. On one hand, it exposed the corruption that residents had long suspected. On the other hand, it shattered the community's trust in the officials they had elected. People now questioned whether knowing the truth was worth the pain it caused." Explain the meaning of "double-edged sword." Then explain how the passage structure itself acts as a context clue. Why did the author choose this particular figurative expression instead of simply writing "had both good and bad effects"?

Show answer

"Double-edged sword" means something that has both positive and negative consequences — it cuts both ways. The passage structure is a powerful contrast clue: the phrase "On one hand" introduces the benefit (exposing corruption), and "On the other hand" introduces the harm (shattered trust). This parallel structure mirrors the two "edges" of the sword. The author chose this figurative expression instead of a plain phrase because the image of a sword conveys danger and sharpness — it makes the reader feel that both sides of the situation are painful and serious, not just mildly good and bad. Figurative language adds emotional weight that plain language cannot.

SUMMARY

Lesson Summary

Summary

Nonliteral language uses words in creative ways that go beyond their dictionary meanings. When you encounter a figurative expression on the SHSAT, use the Four-Step Decode Method: spot the expression, read the surrounding sentences, form a guess, and substitute your guess back in to check. Five types of context clues — restatement, contrast, example, cause and effect, and emotional tone — help you narrow down the meaning.

Always avoid the literal-meaning trap on multiple-choice questions. Match your interpretation to the passage's tone and topic. The more you practice reading closely and looking for nearby clues, the faster and more accurate you'll become — not just on nonliteral language questions, but on all SHSAT reading comprehension questions.