Evidence in Tables & Graphs - PSAT Reading & Writing

What does it mean when a table reports the mean of a data set?

Arithmetic average: sum of values divided by number of values. Add all values and divide by how many there are.
Find the percent change from $50$ to $60$ (nearest whole percent).

$20\%$ . $\frac{60-50}{50} \times 100\% = \frac{10}{50} \times 100\% = 20\%$
What is the difference between correlation and causation in graph-based claims?

Correlation is association; causation is one variable producing change in another. Association doesn't prove one causes the other.
Find the percent increase: A value rises from $40$ to $50$ . What is the percent change?

$25\%$ increase. Apply formula: $\frac{50-40}{40} \times 100\% = 25\%$ .
Identify the supported claim: A line graph rises from $10$ to $25$ between 2010 and 2020. What happened?

The value increased by $15$ from 2010 to 2020. Calculate $25 - 10 = 15$ to find the increase.
What does it mean if an axis uses a truncated scale that does not start at $0$ ?

Visual differences may be exaggerated compared with a zero-based axis. Small differences appear larger when the baseline isn't zero.
Choose the supported inference: A chart shows Group A $=30\%$ and Group B $=20\%$ . What is true?

Group A is $10$ percentage points higher than Group B. Subtract percentages: $30\% - 20\% = 10$ percentage points.
What is the first step when a question asks you to support a claim using a table or graph?

Identify the relevant variables, units, and time or categories. Start by understanding what data the visual presents before evaluating claims.
A pie chart shows $25\%$ of $80$ respondents chose option C. How many respondents chose C?

$20$ . $25\%$ of $80 = 0.25 \times 80 = 20$ respondents.
Compute the rate: A graph shows $y$ goes from $8$ to $20$ as $x$ goes from $2$ to $5$ . What is the slope?

$4$ . Slope = $\frac{20-8}{5-2} = \frac{12}{3} = 4$ .
A table shows $A=12$ and $B=9$ . What is the difference $A-B$ ?

$3$ . Subtract the smaller value from the larger: $12-9=3$ .
What must you check first to avoid misreading values on a graph's vertical axis?

The axis scale and units (including whether it starts at $0$ ). Misreading scales is a common source of errors.
What is the key first step to interpret a table or graph question accurately?

Read the title, labels, units, and legend. Context clues in titles and labels prevent misinterpretation.
What is the percent change from an old value to a new value?

$\frac{\text{new}-\text{old}}{\text{old}}\times 100\%$ . Measures relative change as a percentage of the original value.
A table shows Group A: $12$ and Group B: $18$ . What is the difference $\text{B}-\text{A}$ ?

$6$ . Simple subtraction: $18-12=6$
A chart shows total $200$ and subgroup $50$ . What percent of the total is the subgroup?

$25\%$ . $\frac{50}{200} \times 100\% = 0.25 \times 100\% = 25\%$
A table shows $A=50$ in 2020 and $A=65$ in 2021. What is the percent increase?

$30\%$ . $\frac{65-50}{50}\times 100\% = \frac{15}{50}\times 100\% = 30\%$ .
A pie chart shows Segment A is $40\%$ . What fraction of the whole is Segment A?

$\frac{2}{5}$ . $40\% = \frac{40}{100} = \frac{2}{5}$
Identify the value at year 2022 if the line graph shows points $(2021, 50)$ and $(2022, 60)$ .

60. Read the y-value at the given x-coordinate on the graph.
Which option is correct if a bar graph's y-axis is "thousands of dollars" and the bar is at $7$ ?

$\$7{,}000$ . Multiply the scale value by the unit: $7 \times 1000 = 7000$ .
Find the mean of the data values $4$ , $6$ , and $8$ shown in a row of a table.

$6$ . $\frac{4+6+8}{3} = \frac{18}{3} = 6$ .
Identify the correct average: Values are $10$ , $14$ , and $16$ . What is the mean?

$\frac{40}{3}$ . $\frac{10+14+16}{3} = \frac{40}{3}$
A graph shows a value of $50$ at $x=2$ and $45$ at $x=3$ . Which statement matches the change?

It decreased by $5$ from $x=2$ to $x=3$ . $45 - 50 = -5$ , showing a decrease of $5$ units.
What is the first step when a question asks you to use evidence from a table or graph?

Identify the specific claim to test, then locate the relevant data. Always pinpoint what you're proving before searching for evidence.
Identify the absolute change from $120$ units in 2019 to $95$ units in 2020.

$-25$ units. $95 - 120 = -25$ shows a decrease of 25 units.
What is the best evidence if a question asks for an exception to a general upward trend?

The interval where the value decreases or stays flat against the trend. Find where the line dips or plateaus against overall rise.
What is the median of an ordered data set with an even number of values?

Average of the two middle values. For even counts, median lies between the two center values.
Find the percent change from $40$ to $50$ .

$25\%$ . $\frac{50-40}{40} \times 100\% = \frac{10}{40} \times 100\% = 25\%$
Compute the percent decrease: a value in a table changes from $80$ to $60$ . What is the percent change?

$-25\%$ . $\frac{60-80}{80}\times 100\% = \frac{-20}{80}\times 100\% = -25\%$
Choose the correct interpretation: A bar chart shows $30\%$ for category X. Out of $200$ total, how many are X?

$60$ . $30\% \times 200 = 0.30 \times 200$
What is an outlier in a scatterplot?

A point far from the overall pattern or trend of the other points. Outliers deviate significantly from the general data pattern.
What does "per capita" mean when interpreting a graph or table?

Per person; the total divided by population. Divides a total by the number of people to show individual share.
What is the slope (rate of change) formula between two points on a line graph?

$m=\frac{y_2-y_1}{x_2-x_1}$ . Rise over run calculates rate of change between points.
What is the correct interpretation of a pie chart slice labeled $25\%$ ?

That category represents $\frac{1}{4}$ of the total. $25\%$ equals one-fourth of the whole circle.
Find the correct interpretation: A line graph shows a flat segment from day $3$ to day $5$ . What happened then?

The value stayed constant from day $3$ to day $5$ . A horizontal line indicates no change.
What does it mean when a table reports the median of a data set?

The middle value when ordered; average of two middle if even count. Half the values are above and half below this point.
What is the best evidence choice when a question asks for the strongest support from data?

The option that cites the most direct, specific matching values. Precise data that exactly matches the claim provides strongest proof.
What does an outlier in a data set shown on a graph most directly indicate?

A value far from the overall pattern or trend. Outliers deviate significantly from the main trend.
What is the correct way to report a value read from a graph when the axis shows units?

State the number with its unit (and context, such as year or category). Include units and context to make data values meaningful and complete.
Identify the strongest support: A claim says "Most respondents chose option C." What table evidence best supports it?

Option C has the highest frequency/percentage in the table. "Most" means more than half chose that option.
What does it mean to cite evidence from a table or graph accurately?

Use the correct category, unit, and value shown in the data. Match the exact data point to its label and measurement.
Identify the best evidence: A claim says "sales peaked in June." Which table entry supports it if June is the maximum?

The June value is the largest number in the sales column. Peak means highest value in the data set.
Which option best defines correlation in a scatterplot: causation, association, or randomness?

Association between two variables. Correlation shows how two variables move together, not cause-effect.
What is the key caution when a passage claims one variable causes another using a graph?

Do not infer causation from correlation alone. Correlation doesn't prove one variable causes the other.
Identify the value: If total is $200$ and a category is $30$ , what percent is the category?

$15\%$ . $\frac{30}{200} \times 100\% = 15\%$
What is the formula for percent of a total for one category in a table?

$\frac{\text{category}}{\text{total}}\times 100\%$ . Expresses a part as a percentage of the whole.
A table shows total $=200$ and Group A $=30$ . What percent of the total is Group A?

$15\%$ . $\frac{30}{200} \times 100\% = 15\%$ .
What is the key difference between correlation in a scatterplot and causation in a claim?

Correlation shows association; causation claims one variable produces change. Correlation ≠ causation; one doesn't prove the other.
What does it mean to cite evidence from a table or graph in a PSAT response?

Use specific values, comparisons, or trends shown in the visual. Reference exact numbers or patterns from the visual data.
What is the range of a data set?

Maximum minus minimum. Measures the spread by finding the difference between extremes.
Find the rate: A line rises from $(2,5)$ to $(6,13)$ . What is the slope?

$2$ . $\frac{13-5}{6-2} = \frac{8}{4} = 2$
What is the most common mistake to avoid when reading a graph with units?

Ignoring units or scale increments on the axes. Always check what each axis measures and its scale.
A bar chart shows Category X = $30$ and Category Y = $45$ . What is the ratio $\frac{Y}{X}$ ?

$1.5$ . $\frac{45}{30} = 1.5$
Identify the percent change: old $50$ , new $65$ .

$30\%$ increase. $\frac{65-50}{50} \times 100\% = 30\%$
What is the correct way to compute percent change from $A$ to $B$ ?

$\frac{B - A}{A} \times 100\%$ . Divide the change by the initial value, then multiply by 100.
Identify the correct percent change formula from an old value to a new value.

$\frac{\text{new}-\text{old}}{\text{old}}\times 100\%$ . Measures relative change as a percentage of the original value.
What is the correct way to compute absolute change from $A$ to $B$ ?

$B - A$ . Subtract the initial value from the final value.
Identify the strongest evidence for a claim about the "largest gap" between two groups.

The pair of values with the greatest difference at one $x$ value. Maximum separation occurs where the vertical distance peaks.
Which option is best supported if a table shows A: $12$ , B: $15$ , C: $9$ for the same year?

B is the largest value for that year. $15 > 12$ and $15 > 9$ , so B has the highest value.
Choose the correct inference: If two lines cross at $(3,8)$ , what is true at $x=3$ ?

Both series have the same value, $y=8$ , at $x=3$ . At intersection points, both lines share the same coordinates.
Find the median: Values are $3, 9, 5, 7, 11$ . What is the median?

$7$ . Order first: $3, 5, 7, 9, 11$ ; middle value is $7$ .
Which option best describes an outlier in a scatterplot?

A point far from the overall pattern of the data. Outliers deviate significantly from the general trend.
What is the correct way to compute a rate from a graph using two points $(x_1,y_1)$ and $(x_2,y_2)$ ?

$\frac{y_2-y_1}{x_2-x_1}$ . Rise over run gives the slope between two points.
A bar chart shows Category A = $40$ and Category B = $10$ . What is the ratio $A:B$ in simplest form?

$4:1$ . $40:10$ simplifies to $4:1$ by dividing both by $10$ .
What does it mean when a claim is "supported" by a table or graph in a passage?

The data directly matches and justifies the claim stated. Evidence must align with and prove the specific statement made.
What does "median" mean for a set of values shown in a table?

The middle value after ordering (or the mean of the two middles). For odd counts, it's the middle; for even, average the two middle values.
What is the mean (average) of $n$ values $x_1,\dots,x_n$ ?

$\bar{x}=\frac{x_1+\cdots+x_n}{n}$ . Sum all values and divide by the count to find the average.
Identify the best evidence: A line graph rises from $20$ to $35$ between $2010$ and $2015$ . Which statement is best?

The value increased by $15$ from $2010$ to $2015$ . Direct statement of the $35-20=15$ increase shown.
Choose the correct comparison: Group A is $48$ and Group B is $36$ . What is the ratio $A:B$ in simplest form?

$4:3$ . Divide both by their GCD: $\frac{48}{12} : \frac{36}{12}$
Which option best supports a claim about an "overall increase" in a line graph?

A higher ending value than starting value over the full range. Compare the first and last points to show net change.
Identify the slope of a line passing through $(2,5)$ and $(6,13)$ .

$2$ . $m=\frac{13-5}{6-2}=\frac{8}{4}=2$ using the slope formula.
Identify the correct conclusion if a scatterplot shows points rising as $x$ increases.

There is a positive association between $x$ and $y$ . Points trending upward indicate variables increase together.
What does it mean if a graph uses a truncated $y$ -axis (does not start at $0$ )?

Visual differences may be exaggerated compared with the data. Small changes appear larger when the axis doesn't start at zero.
Which option best describes "trend" in a graph: individual point, overall direction, or data source?

Overall direction or pattern across the data. Trend shows the general movement or behavior of data over time/range.
What is the correct formula for percent change from old to new?

$\frac{\text{new}-\text{old}}{\text{old}}\times 100\%$ . This formula measures relative change as a percentage.
What does a positive correlation in a scatterplot indicate?

As $x$ increases, $y$ tends to increase. Variables move in the same direction in positive correlation.
What is the slope between points $(2, 3)$ and $(6, 11)$ ?

$2$ . Rise over run: $(11-3) ÷ (6-2) = 8 ÷ 4$ .
What should you do if an answer choice paraphrases a trend (for example, "generally increased")?

Verify the overall direction across the full range, not one interval. Check the entire data range, not just selected points.
Identify the best graph type for showing change over time with continuous data.

Line graph. Shows trends and patterns in sequential data.
What does it mean if an axis is truncated (does not start at $0$ ) in a bar graph?

Differences may look larger; compare using the labeled scale. Visual differences exaggerated; always check actual values on axis.
What is the median of the set $2, 3, 7, 10, 10$ ?

$7$ . Middle value when ordered: $2, 3, 7, 10, 10$ .
What is a common trap when interpreting a graph with a truncated $y$ -axis?

It can exaggerate differences by starting the axis above $0$ . Non-zero start makes small differences look bigger.
A graph shows $y=18$ at $x=3$ and $y=30$ at $x=7$ . What is the average rate of change?

$3$ units of $y$ per $1$ unit of $x$ . $\frac{30-18}{7-3} = \frac{12}{4} = 3$ units of $y$ per unit of $x$ .
Compute the percent increase: a value in a table changes from $40$ to $50$ . What is the percent change?

$25\%$ . $\frac{50-40}{40}\times 100\% = \frac{10}{40}\times 100\% = 25\%$
What is the percent change from $50$ to $60$ ?

$20\%$ . Change over original: $(60-50) ÷ 50 × 100\%$ .
What is the slope formula between two points $(x_1,y_1)$ and $(x_2,y_2)$ ?

$m=\frac{y_2-y_1}{x_2-x_1}$ . Rise over run calculates the rate of change between points.
What is the formula for percent of a total for a category?

$\frac{\text{category}}{\text{total}}\times 100\%$ . Shows what fraction of the whole a part represents.
Find the change: A table lists $75$ in April and $60$ in May. What is the absolute decrease?

$15$ . $|60-75| = 15$ units decreased.
Identify the correct value: A graph point is at $(4,12)$ . What is $y$ when $x=4$ ?

$12$ . Read the $y$ -coordinate at the given $x$ -value.
What does a legend (key) on a graph tell you?

Which color/line/bar corresponds to each category or group. Maps visual elements to their data categories.
Which option is supported if a pie chart shows A $= 40\%$ , B $= 35\%$ , C $= 25\%$ ?

A is the largest share. A's 40% exceeds both B's 35% and C's 25%.
A line passes through $(2,10)$ and $(6,18)$ . What is the slope (rate of change)?

$2$ . $\frac{18-10}{6-2} = \frac{8}{4} = 2$
What is the formula for percent change from an old value to a new value?

$\frac{\text{new}-\text{old}}{\text{old}}\times 100\%$ . Measures relative change as a percentage of the original.
Identify the best evidence: A table lists units sold: Store X= $120$ , Store Y= $95$ . Which store sold more units?

Store X. $120 > 95$ units sold.
Identify the first step you should take before using a table or graph as evidence.

Read the title, axes/headers, units, and time frame. Understanding context prevents misinterpretation of data.
Identify the best evidence type for comparing groups in a table with multiple categories.

A direct comparison using the same unit across categories. Same-unit comparisons eliminate conversion errors.
What does a negative correlation in a scatterplot indicate?

As $x$ increases, $y$ tends to decrease. Variables move in opposite directions in negative correlation.
What does the $y$ -intercept of a graph represent when $x=0$ is meaningful?

The value of $y$ when $x=0$ (the starting amount). The initial value before any changes in $x$ occur.
Identify the median of the set $\{2, 4, 9, 9, 10\}$ that appears as five data points in a table.

9. Middle value when ordered: $\{2, 4, 9, 9, 10\}$ .
A table lists (Year, Value): (2020, 80), (2021, 92). What is the increase?

$12$ . $92-80=12$ is the difference between the values.
What does the y-axis label in a graph tell you to read from the plotted values?

The dependent variable and its units. The y-axis shows what's being measured (dependent) and how it's measured.
A graph shows $y=18$ at $x=2$ and $y=30$ at $x=5$ . What is the average rate of change?

$4$ units of $y$ per $1$ unit of $x$ . $\frac{30-18}{5-2} = \frac{12}{3} = 4$ units per unit.
Which evidence best supports a claim about an overall trend in a line graph?

A consistent increase or decrease across most of the $x$ -range. Look for sustained patterns, not isolated points.
Which statement is best supported if a line graph rises steadily from $2019$ to $2023$ ?

The measured quantity increased overall across $2019$ – $2023$ . A rising line indicates growth over the time period.
What does correlation in a scatterplot indicate?

An association between variables, not proof of causation. Variables move together but one may not cause the other.
What is the key difference between correlation and causation when interpreting graphs?

Correlation is association; causation means one variable produces the other. Association doesn't prove one variable causes the other.
What is the correct way to compute a percent change from an old value to a new value?

$\frac{\text{new}-\text{old}}{\text{old}}\times 100\%$ . Subtract old from new, divide by old, multiply by 100.
A line graph rises from $10$ to $18$ over $4$ hours. What is the average rate per hour?

$2$ units per hour. $\frac{18-10}{4}=\frac{8}{4}=2$ units per hour average rate.
Identify the correct average rate of change formula between two points $(x_1,y_1)$ and $(x_2,y_2)$ .

$\frac{y_2-y_1}{x_2-x_1}$ . Rise over run formula calculates the slope between two points.
What does it mean when a graph uses two $y$ -axes (dual-axis graph)?

Two different scales/units; comparisons can be misleading if assumed equal. Each axis measures different variables; direct comparison is invalid.
A pie chart shows Category X is $90^\circ$ of the circle. What percent is X?

$25\%$ . $\frac{90°}{360°} \times 100\% = 25\%$ of the total.
Which option best supports a claim about a graph: a precise value or a vague trend statement?

A precise value tied to specific axes and units. Specific data points provide stronger evidence than general trends.
Which option is the correct unit-aware statement if a bar shows $3.2$ million people?

$3.2$ million people (not $3.2$ people). Include units to avoid misrepresenting scale.
Identify the supported statement: Values are $5, 7, 6, 8$ over four years. Which trend is accurate?

The values fluctuate but end higher than they start. Despite fluctuation, $8 > 5$ shows overall increase.
What is the correct way to interpret a graph with a broken axis?

Treat differences cautiously; the scale is discontinuous. Broken axes distort visual comparisons between segments.
Find the absolute change from $45$ to $60$ shown in a table for the same category.

15. $60 - 45 = 15$ gives the absolute difference.
What is the dependent variable on a standard graph?

The $y$ -axis variable. Dependent variables respond to changes in independent variables.
Identify the most common cause of wrong answers in table/graph evidence questions.

Ignoring axis labels, units, time frame, or the legend. Missing context like units or labels leads to misinterpretation.
A table lists values $3,5,7,5$ . What is the mean of the four values?

$5$ . $\frac{3+5+7+5}{4} = \frac{20}{4} = 5$
Identify the stronger support: A claim says "most participants preferred option A." Which evidence best supports it?

Option A has more than $50\%$ (or the largest count) of participants. "Most" means more than half of the total.
A table lists values $6, 10, 14$ for one category. What is the mean?

$10$ . $\frac{6+10+14}{3} = \frac{30}{3} = 10$
Identify the best evidence: A table shows A=12, B=15. Which statement is supported?

B is $3$ greater than A. Calculate $15 - 12 = 3$ to find the difference.
What is the correct way to compute a ratio comparing group $X$ to group $Y$ ?

$\frac{X}{Y}$ . Divide the first quantity by the second quantity.
What should you check first to interpret values correctly in a graph?

Axes labels, units, and the scale (including any breaks). These elements determine how to read and interpret the data accurately.
A table shows values $3,7,10,10$ . What is the mean?

$7.5$ . $\frac{3+7+10+10}{4}=\frac{30}{4}=7.5$ by the mean formula.
What is a common trap when an answer choice uses the word "most" or "least" with a table?

It may ignore ties or compare the wrong row/column category. Always check all values before identifying extremes.
Identify the best graph type for showing the relationship between two quantitative variables.

Scatterplot. Each point represents paired values of two variables.
Which evidence is strongest: a specific data value, a vague trend, or an opinion sentence?

A specific data value (with correct units/context). Exact numbers with context are more convincing than generalizations.
What is the key difference between correlation and causation in interpreting a graph?

Correlation is association; causation requires a proven cause-effect link. Correlation doesn't prove one variable causes the other.
A table shows total $120$ items and defective $18$ items. What is the defective rate (percent)?

$15\%$ . $\frac{18}{120} \times 100\% = 0.15 \times 100\% = 15\%$ .
What formula gives the percent of a total for one category in a table or chart?

$\frac{\text{part}}{\text{total}}\times 100\%$ . Divide the category value by total, then multiply by 100.
What is the main danger of comparing bars or slices without reading labels and units?

You may compare different measures, categories, or scales incorrectly. Units and categories must match for valid comparisons.
What should you check first to avoid misreading a graph's numbers?

The axis labels, units, and scale (including tick spacing). Understanding axes prevents misinterpretation of values.
Identify the percent change: old $80$ , new $60$ .

$25\%$ decrease. $\frac{60-80}{80} \times 100\% = -25\%$
What is the ratio of $18$ to $24$ in simplest form?

$3:4$ . Divide both by GCF of $6$ : $18÷6 : 24÷6$ .
What does it mean if a claim is "supported by the table or graph" on the PSAT?

The claim matches the data shown (values, trends, or comparisons). The data must directly confirm the statement's accuracy.
What is the correct way to compute an average (mean) of $n$ values $x_1,\dots,x_n$ from a table?

$\frac{x_1+x_2+\cdots+x_n}{n}$ . Add all values and divide by the count.
What is a common pitfall with truncated axes on bar or line graphs?

A shortened axis exaggerates or minimizes apparent differences. Starting axis above zero can distort visual perception.
A line graph shows points $(2,10)$ and $(6,18)$ . What is the slope?

$2$ . $m = \frac{18-10}{6-2} = \frac{8}{4} = 2$ .
What is the formula for average rate of change between two points $(x_1,y_1)$ and $(x_2,y_2)$ ?

$\frac{y_2-y_1}{x_2-x_1}$ . Rise over run between two points.
Which option best supports a claim if it includes exact numbers from the visual rather than a general statement?

The option that cites specific data values from the table or graph. Specific data beats vague claims for evidence.
What is the first step when using a table or graph to answer an evidence question?

Identify the question and the relevant variables/columns or axes. Locate what the question asks for and which data to examine.
What is the independent variable on a standard graph?

The $x$ -axis variable. Independent variables are manipulated or controlled.
Identify the best conclusion if a table shows values $5, 10, 20$ as the input doubles each step.

The output increases by a factor of $2$ each step (it doubles). Each value is twice the previous: exponential growth pattern.
What should you check first to avoid misreading units in a table or graph?

Axis labels, table headers, and unit notes (for example, thousands, percent). Units can be scaled (thousands) or percentages.
What is the difference between a trend and a single data point in a graph?

A trend is an overall pattern; a data point is one measured value. Trends show direction over time; points are individual measurements.
What does it mean to "cite data" from a table or graph in an evidence question?

Refer to specific values, categories, and units shown in the visual. Use exact numbers and labels from the visual to support claims.
What is the most common trap when choosing evidence from a table with multiple columns?

Using the correct row but the wrong column or unit. Misreading columns leads to citing wrong data despite correct row.
Identify the missing total: If $40\%$ equals $120$ , what is the total?

$300$ . If $0.4 \times \text{total} = 120$ , then total $= 300$ .
What is the key first step before using a data point as evidence from a table or graph?

Read the title, labels, units, and legend. Context from labels prevents misinterpretation of data.
Which statement is supported: 2018: $40$ , 2019: $50$ , 2020: $45$ ?

The value peaked in 2019. $50$ is higher than both $40$ and $45$ .
A line graph rises from $200$ to $260$ over $3$ years. What is the average yearly increase?

$20$ per year. $\frac{260-200}{3} = \frac{60}{3} = 20$ per year.
What is the formula for percent change from old to new?

$\frac{\text{new}-\text{old}}{\text{old}}\times 100\%$ . Measures relative change as a percentage.
What does the slope of a line graph represent in an evidence question?

The rate of change of $y$ per unit increase in $x$ . Shows how much $y$ changes for each unit of $x$ .
A table lists values $12, 15, 13, 20$ . What is the median?

$14$ . Order: $12, 13, 15, 20$ ; middle two values average to $\frac{13+15}{2}=14$ .
A graph shows values: 2019 = $100$ , 2020 = $110$ , 2021 = $105$ . Which year has the highest value?

2020. $110 > 105 > 100$ , so 2020 is highest.
What is the mean of $4, 6, 8$ ?

$6$ . Sum divided by count: $(4+6+8) ÷ 3 = 18 ÷ 3$ .
What is the formula for the average of two values $a$ and $b$ ?

$\frac{a+b}{2}$ . Sum the values and divide by 2 to find the midpoint.
Find the percent change from $40$ to $50$ .

$25\%$ . $\frac{50-40}{40}\times 100\%=\frac{10}{40}\times 100\%=25\%$ .
Identify the best evidence sentence for a claim about a peak: "___." Data: Jan $5$ , Feb $9$ , Mar $7$ .

"The value peaked in February at $9$ .". February's value of $9$ exceeds January's $5$ and March's $7$ .
Which option is supported if Category A is $30$ and Category B is $10$ in a bar chart?

Category A is $3$ times Category B. Direct comparison: $30 ÷ 10 = 3$ .
Identify the best conclusion: A table shows $20$ to $30$ units from 2020 to 2021. What is the percent increase?

$50\%$ . $\frac{30-20}{20} \times 100\% = \frac{10}{20} \times 100\%$
What does the x-axis label in a graph tell you to read from the horizontal position?

The independent variable and its units. The x-axis shows what's being varied (independent) and its measurement scale.
What does it mean to "cite evidence" from a table or graph in an answer choice?

The choice must match specific values, trends, or comparisons shown. Evidence must directly reflect the data, not generalizations.
Identify the correct comparison: A table lists X=18, Y=12, Z=15. Which is the greatest?

X. Compare all three: $18 > 15 > 12$ .
Which choice is best supported if a bar chart shows Q1 $= 12$ , Q2 $= 15$ , Q3 $= 15$ , Q4 $= 9$ ?

Q2 and Q3 are tied for the highest value. Both Q2 and Q3 equal 15, the maximum value shown.
What is the key difference between "percentage points" and "percent" when comparing rates?

Percentage points use subtraction; percent uses relative change. Points: $25\%-20\%=5$ points; Percent: $\frac{25-20}{20}\times 100\%=25\%$ .
Which conclusion is supported if both variables increase together, but no experiment is shown?

There is a positive correlation, not proven causation. Without controlled testing, only association can be claimed.
What does the y-axis represent in a standard graph, and what does the x-axis represent?

y-axis: dependent variable; x-axis: independent variable. Y shows the effect (dependent), x shows the cause (independent).
Which option is strongest evidence: a precise value from the graph or a vague trend statement?

A precise value tied to the relevant category or interval. Specific data points are stronger than general descriptions.
What does it mean when a graph shows a negative slope?

As $x$ increases, $y$ decreases. Negative slope means one variable falls as the other rises.
A scatterplot point at $(3,7)$ is far above the trend line. Identify the best label for this point.

Outlier. Points far from the trend are classified as outliers.
Which statement is supported if a table shows Group A $= 30$ and Group B $= 20$ for the same measure?

Group A is greater than Group B by 10 units. Compare values: $30 - 20 = 10$ units difference.
What is the key difference between correlation and causation in graph-based claims?

Correlation shows association; causation requires a proven cause. Two things can occur together without one causing the other.
A bar chart shows Category A: $12$ , B: $9$ , C: $15$ . Which category is largest?

Category C. Compare values: $15>12>9$ , so C is largest.
Which option best supports the claim "Group A is larger than Group B" if A= $48$ and B= $52$ ?

The claim is not supported; Group B is larger. $48 < 52$ , so Group A is actually smaller.
Identify the correct conclusion: A bar chart shows 2019= $30$ and 2020= $45$ . Did the value increase or decrease?

Increase. $45 > 30$ , showing growth from 2019 to 2020.
Identify the percent increase from $50$ to $65$ (choose the exact percent).

$30\%$ . $\frac{65-50}{50} \times 100\% = \frac{15}{50} \times 100\% = 30\%$ .
Identify the best graph type for comparing quantities across categories.

Bar graph. Displays discrete categories side by side for easy comparison.
A pie chart shows shares: X $40\%$ , Y $35\%$ , Z $25\%$ . Which share is smallest?

Z. Compare percentages: $25\%<35\%<40\%$ , so Z is smallest.
What does "rate of change" mean on a line graph?

The slope: change in $y$ per unit change in $x$ . Slope measures how much $y$ changes per unit of $x$ .
What is the first step when using a table or graph as evidence for a claim?

Identify the specific claim and the variable(s) that measure it. Match the claim's key terms to specific data columns or axes.
What is the range of the set $3, 3, 9, 12$ ?

$9$ . Highest minus lowest: $12 - 3 = 9$ .
Which statement is best supported if a scatterplot shows points rising left to right overall?

The variables have a positive association. Points rising from left to right indicate positive correlation.
Find the missing value if a table's total is $100$ and the listed parts are $22$ , $31$ , and $19$ .

28. $100 - (22 + 31 + 19) = 100 - 72 = 28$
What does a positive correlation in a scatterplot indicate about two variables?

As $x$ increases, $y$ tends to increase. Variables move in the same direction when positively correlated.
Identify the ratio of Group A to Group B if a chart shows A $= 18$ and B $= 6$ .

$3$ . $\frac{18}{6} = 3$ simplifies the ratio.
What is the difference between an absolute change and a percent change in data?

Absolute: $B-A$ ; Percent: $\frac{B-A}{A}\times 100\%$ . Absolute is raw difference; percent shows relative change.
What is the percent decrease from $80$ to $60$ ?

$25\%$ . Decrease over original: $(80-60) ÷ 80 × 100\%$ .
A data set has minimum $8$ and maximum $23$ . What is the range?

$15$ . $23-8=15$ using the range formula.
What does "per capita" mean in a table or graph, and why does it matter?

Per person; it allows fair comparison across different population sizes. Dividing by population standardizes data for comparison.
A data set is $2,4,9,11,15$ . What is the median?

$9$ . Middle value of the ordered set is the third value.
Find the best conclusion: A scatterplot shows points trending upward as $x$ increases. What relationship is supported?

A positive association between $x$ and $y$ . Upward trend means $y$ increases with $x$ .
What does it mean if a graph's y-axis is truncated and does not start at $0$ ?

Visual differences may be exaggerated compared with a $0$ baseline. Non-zero baselines can make small differences appear larger than they are.
Identify the slope: Points $(2,5)$ and $(6,13)$ are on a line. What is the slope?

$2$ . $\frac{13-5}{6-2} = \frac{8}{4} = 2$

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