Next Generation Bar Exam Quiz
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CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
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Congress enacted the Equal Voting Act (EVA), which provides: "No State may impose or apply any voting qualification or prerequisite to voting, or any standard, practice, or procedure, that results in a denial or abridgment of the right of any citizen of the United States to vote on account of race or color." The EVA is defended solely as an exercise of Congress's power to enforce the Fifteenth Amendment. In Villanueva v. United States, the Supreme Court stated: "The Fifteenth Amendment empowers Congress to use any rational means to enforce the right to vote free from racial discrimination. Congress may prohibit state voting practices that have a discriminatory effect even if those practices were not adopted with discriminatory intent, because effect-based prohibitions are a reasonable prophylactic measure against intentional discrimination. Such legislation is valid if it is an appropriate and rational response to the problem of voting discrimination; it need not be limited to practices that independently violate the Amendment." A State enacts a voter-identification law. Evidence shows that the law has a significant disparate impact on Black voters, but the State adopted it for neutral administrative reasons and no discriminatory purpose has been shown. A voter challenges the state law under the EVA.
Should the court uphold the EVA as applied to the voter-identification law?
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