Models of Geosystems - Middle School Earth and Space Science

Which process releases $CO_2$ to the atmosphere by burning biomass or fossil fuels?

Combustion. Rapid oxidation of organic matter releases stored carbon.
Which process moves carbon from the atmosphere to the biosphere in the carbon cycle?

Photosynthesis. Plants convert $CO_2$ into organic compounds using sunlight.
Identify the correct geosystem transfer: evaporation moves water from which sphere to which sphere?

Hydrosphere to atmosphere. Water vapor rises from surface water into the air.
What process transports sediments by water, wind, ice, or gravity?

Erosion. Moving agents carry weathered particles to new locations.
What is the biosphere in an Earth-systems cycling model?

All living things and their organic matter. Includes organisms from microbes to large animals and plants.
Identify the correct arrow direction for photosynthesis in a carbon cycle model: CO $_2$ in air to carbon in plants, or plants to air?

CO $_2$ in atmosphere → carbon in plants. Plants absorb $CO_2$ to build organic molecules.
Which process transfers water from the biosphere to the atmosphere through plants?

Transpiration. Plants release water vapor through leaf pores.
Which process changes rock minerals by reactions with water, oxygen, or acids?

Chemical weathering. Minerals transform into new compounds through chemical reactions.
What process drops transported sediments to form layers or landforms?

Deposition. Sediments settle when transport energy decreases.
Which process deposits transported sediments, adding material to a new location in the geosphere?

Deposition. Sediments settle when transport energy decreases.
What is a flux (transfer) in a geosystem material-cycle model?

Movement of matter between reservoirs. Arrows show direction and rate of material flow.
Identify the correct sphere-to-sphere transfer: evaporation moves water from which sphere to which sphere?

Hydrosphere to atmosphere. Water vapor rises from oceans, lakes, and rivers.
Which process removes $CO_2$ from the atmosphere by forming carbonate rocks in the geosphere?

Chemical weathering and carbonate formation. $CO_2$ reacts with rocks to form limestone and other carbonates.
Which process moves carbon from the biosphere to the atmosphere by organisms releasing $CO_2$ ?

Cellular respiration. Organisms break down glucose for energy, releasing $CO_2$ .
What is the atmosphere in an Earth system model?

The layer of gases surrounding Earth. This gaseous envelope protects and sustains life on Earth.
Which set lists the four major Earth geosystems used in material-cycle models?

Geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, biosphere. These four spheres interact to cycle all Earth materials.
What is a flux (transfer) in a geosystem cycle model?

Movement of matter from one reservoir to another. Fluxes show pathways between storage locations.
What process chemically alters minerals, forming new substances during rock breakdown?

Chemical weathering. Reactions with water/oxygen create different minerals.
Which process transports weathered sediments by water, wind, ice, or gravity?

Erosion. Moving agents carry weathered particles away.
What process returns water from the atmosphere to Earth's surface as rain or snow?

Precipitation. Water vapor condenses and falls when air cools.
What is the carbon cycle process that moves $CO_2$ from air into plants?

Photosynthesis. Plants convert atmospheric $CO_2$ into glucose using sunlight energy.
What is the correct definition of a flux (flow) in a geosystem cycle model?

The movement rate of matter between reservoirs. Flux measures how fast matter transfers between storage locations.
Which process moves water from the surface into the ground to become groundwater?

Infiltration (percolation into soil and rock). Water seeps through porous soil and rock layers.
What process removes $CO_2$ from the atmosphere when plants make sugars?

Photosynthesis. Plants convert $CO_2$ and water into glucose using sunlight.
What does it mean to model Earth materials cycling through geosystems?

Tracking matter transfers and storage among spheres over time. Models show how materials move between Earth's spheres.
What is the geosphere in an Earth-systems cycling model?

Solid Earth: rocks, minerals, soil, and landforms. Includes all solid materials from Earth's crust to core.
Which process moves water vapor to liquid droplets in the atmosphere?

Condensation. Cooling causes gas molecules to form liquid drops.
Which process transfers carbon from the biosphere to the geosphere by burial over long time periods?

Burial and fossilization (sedimentation). Dead organisms become fossil fuels over millions of years.
Which process moves water vapor to liquid droplets in the atmosphere?

Condensation. Cooling causes water vapor to form liquid droplets.
What is the atmosphere in an Earth-system cycling model?

The layer of gases surrounding Earth. This gaseous envelope enables weather and climate.
What is the geosphere in an Earth-system cycling model?

Solid Earth: rocks, minerals, soil, and landforms. The geosphere includes all solid Earth materials.
What process changes rock minerals into new substances through reactions?

Chemical weathering. Water and acids react with minerals to form new compounds.
What is a reservoir (storage) in an Earth material cycle model?

A place where matter is stored for a time. Like a storage tank that holds materials temporarily.
Which process breaks down rock at Earth's surface, transferring geosphere material into sediments and dissolved ions?

Weathering. Physical and chemical processes decompose rock.
What are the four main Earth geosystems used in models of material cycling?

Geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, biosphere. These four interconnected systems exchange matter and energy continuously.
What process transports weathered sediments by water, wind, ice, or gravity?

Erosion. Moving agents carry loose rock particles away.
Identify the correct sphere-to-sphere transfer for respiration: CO $_2$ moves from which sphere to which sphere?

Biosphere to atmosphere. Organisms release $CO_2$ when breaking down food.
What is the key conservation rule that should hold in an Earth materials cycling model?

Matter is conserved; it changes form and location. Total amount remains constant in the cycling system.
What word describes the movement of matter between geosystems (for example, evaporation or erosion)?

Flux (transfer process). Flux describes the rate and process of material movement.
Which process moves liquid water from the hydrosphere to the atmosphere?

Evaporation. Heat energy changes liquid water to water vapor.
Which process moves water from the surface into the ground as groundwater?

Infiltration. Water seeps through soil into underground storage.
What is the geosphere in an Earth-system cycling model?

Solid Earth: rocks, minerals, soil, sediments. The geosphere includes all solid Earth materials.
Which term describes movement of Earth materials between geosystems?

Cycling (matter cycling). Materials continuously move between spheres in cycles.
What is the water cycle process that forms clouds from water vapor?

Condensation. Water vapor cools and changes back to liquid droplets forming clouds.
Which process moves water from biosphere to atmosphere through plants?

Transpiration. Plants release water vapor through their leaves' stomata.
What is the biosphere in an Earth-system cycling model?

All living things and their organic matter. Living organisms and their remains form this sphere.
What is the hydrosphere in an Earth-system cycling model?

All Earth water: liquid, solid ice, and water vapor. Water exists in all three states within the hydrosphere.
What process transports weathered sediments by water, wind, ice, or gravity?

Erosion. Moving agents carry loose particles to new locations.
Which process moves rock material from geosphere to hydrosphere as dissolved ions?

Chemical weathering. Acids dissolve minerals, carrying ions in water.
Which process moves water from the hydrosphere to the atmosphere in the water cycle model?

Evaporation. Water changes from liquid to vapor, rising into air.
Identify the correct sphere-to-sphere transfer: weathering and erosion move rock material from which sphere to which sphere?

Geosphere to hydrosphere. Rock particles dissolve or wash into water bodies.
Identify the correct arrow direction for evaporation in a geosystem model: hydrosphere, atmosphere.

Hydrosphere $\rightarrow$ atmosphere. Water vapor rises from ocean to air.
Which process moves liquid water from the hydrosphere to the atmosphere?

Evaporation. Heat energy transforms liquid to water vapor.
Which process moves water from hydrosphere to atmosphere as water vapor?

Evaporation. Heat energy transforms liquid water into atmospheric water vapor.
What process moves liquid water from the hydrosphere to the atmosphere?

Evaporation. Heat energy transforms liquid water into water vapor.
Identify the correct sphere-to-sphere transfer: photosynthesis moves carbon from which sphere to which sphere?

atmosphere to biosphere. Plants absorb atmospheric $CO_2$ to build organic molecules.
Which process transfers carbon from the biosphere to the atmosphere as $CO_2$ ?

Cellular respiration. Organisms break down glucose for energy, releasing $CO_2$ .
What does a flux (flow) represent in a geosystem cycling model?

Movement of matter between reservoirs. Arrows in models show these transfers between storage locations.
Which process moves water from the atmosphere to the hydrosphere or geosphere as rain or snow?

precipitation. Condensed water droplets fall when too heavy to stay airborne.
What is the process that moves water from plants to the atmosphere?

Transpiration. Plants release water vapor through leaf pores during photosynthesis.
What process drops transported sediments to form layers in a new location?

Deposition. Sediments settle when transport energy decreases.
Which statement belongs in an Earth-system model: matter cycles or energy cycles?

Matter cycles; energy flows. Matter is conserved and reused; energy flows one-way.
What does a flux represent in a model of Earth material cycling?

A movement/transfer of matter between reservoirs. Fluxes show pathways and rates of material movement.
What process moves water from the surface into the ground to become groundwater?

Infiltration. Water seeps through soil pores to recharge aquifers below.
Which labeled arrow best completes the model: rock (geosphere) → dissolved ions in river (hydrosphere)?

Weathering. Chemical breakdown dissolves minerals that water carries away.
Which process moves water vapor from the atmosphere back to liquid droplets in clouds?

Condensation. Cooling causes water vapor to form liquid droplets in clouds.
Which process moves water from the biosphere to the atmosphere through plants?

transpiration. Plants release water vapor through their leaves' stomata.
Identify the correct sphere-to-sphere transfer for photosynthesis: CO $_2$ moves from which sphere to which sphere?

Atmosphere to biosphere. Plants absorb $CO_2$ from air during photosynthesis.
Which process moves carbon from dead organisms into soils and sediments?

Decomposition. Bacteria and fungi break down organic matter, releasing carbon.
Which process drops transported sediments to form layers in a new location?

Deposition. Sediments settle when transport energy decreases.
Which pair correctly matches: weathering breaks rock; erosion moves sediment?

Weathering = breakdown; erosion = transport. Weathering breaks rock in place; erosion carries pieces away.
What process moves water from the biosphere to the atmosphere through plants?

Transpiration. Plants release water vapor through leaf pores (stomata).
Which process moves sediments downhill into rivers, lakes, or oceans?

Erosion. Water, wind, ice, or gravity transport loose materials away.
Which process releases $CO_2$ from the geosphere to the atmosphere during volcanic activity?

volcanic outgassing. Molten rock releases trapped gases when erupting.
Which process moves water from the atmosphere to Earth's surface as rain, snow, or hail?

Precipitation. Condensed water vapor falls due to gravity.
What are the four main Earth geosystems used in cycling models?

Geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, biosphere. These four interconnected systems exchange matter and energy continuously.
Which statement is correct about matter in Earth system models?

Matter is conserved; it cycles among geosystems. Matter cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred.
Which carbon-cycle process moves carbon from organisms to the atmosphere as $CO_2$ ?

Cellular respiration. Organisms release $CO_2$ when breaking down glucose for energy.
Which process transports weathered sediments by water, wind, ice, or gravity?

Erosion. Moving agents carry weathered particles away.
Which process breaks rock into smaller pieces without changing composition?

Physical (mechanical) weathering. Forces like ice wedging fracture rocks mechanically.
Which conservation rule must a matter-cycling model follow for Earth materials?

matter is conserved; it is rearranged, not created. Matter cannot be destroyed, only transformed or relocated.
Which process moves weathered rock and soil from the geosphere into the hydrosphere?

Erosion. Moving water carries away loose rock and soil particles.
Which process deposits transported sediment to form layers in a new location?

Deposition. Sediment settles when transport energy decreases.
Which process moves water from the atmosphere to Earth's surface as rain, snow, sleet, or hail?

Precipitation. Gravity pulls water droplets/ice from clouds to Earth's surface.
Which process moves water from the atmosphere to Earth's surface as rain, snow, sleet, or hail?

Precipitation. Gravity pulls condensed water back to Earth.
Which process moves sediments within the geosphere by water, wind, ice, or gravity?

Erosion and transport. Natural forces carry loose rock particles away.
What is a reservoir (storage) in a geosystem material-cycle model?

A place where matter is stored for a time. Materials accumulate before moving elsewhere.
What is the carbon cycle process that returns $CO_2$ to the atmosphere from organisms?

Cellular respiration. Organisms break down glucose for energy, releasing $CO_2$ as waste.
What is the atmosphere in an Earth system cycling model?

The layer of gases surrounding Earth. Contains nitrogen, oxygen, and other gases that support life.
Which process moves dissolved minerals from rocks into water, linking the geosphere and hydrosphere in a model?

Chemical weathering (dissolution). Acidic water dissolves minerals from rocks.
What is the geosphere in an Earth system cycling model?

Solid Earth: rocks, minerals, soil, sediments, interior. Includes all solid materials from Earth's crust to its core.
Which process transfers dissolved carbon in oceans into the geosphere as carbonate sediments?

Sedimentation and burial of carbonates. Marine organisms' shells become limestone rock.
Identify the spheres: photosynthesis moves carbon from atmosphere into which sphere?

Biosphere. Plants are living organisms, part of the biosphere system.
Which process transports and deposits sediments, moving Earth materials by water, wind, ice, or gravity?

erosion. Natural forces carry weathered materials to new locations.
Identify the correct sphere-to-sphere transfer: evaporation moves water from which sphere to which sphere?

Hydrosphere to atmosphere. Water changes from liquid to gas phase during this transfer.
Which process moves water from the biosphere to the atmosphere through plant leaves?

Transpiration. Plants release water vapor through stomata.
Which geosystem interaction is shown when a plant absorbs water from soil through roots?

Hydrosphere to biosphere (water uptake). Plants transfer water from soil to their tissues.
What is a geosystem interaction in an Earth materials cycling model?

Transfer of matter or energy between Earth spheres. Interactions show how materials move between Earth's major systems.
Which carbon-cycle process moves $CO_2$ from the atmosphere into the biosphere?

Photosynthesis. Plants convert $CO_2$ and water into glucose using sunlight.
What process moves water from the atmosphere to Earth's surface as rain or snow?

Precipitation. Gravity pulls condensed water down from clouds.
What geosphere process transports sediment by wind, water, ice, or gravity?

Erosion. Moving agents carry weathered particles to new locations.
Which process transfers nitrogen from the atmosphere into forms plants can use in the biosphere?

Nitrogen fixation. Bacteria convert atmospheric $N_2$ into ammonia compounds.
Identify the correct arrow direction for photosynthesis in a geosystem model: atmosphere, biosphere.

Atmosphere $\rightarrow$ biosphere. Plants absorb $CO_2$ from air during photosynthesis.
What process moves water from plants to the atmosphere in the water cycle?

Transpiration. Plants release water vapor through stomata in their leaves.
What is a flux (transfer) in an Earth system cycling model?

movement of matter between reservoirs. Fluxes show how materials transfer between storage locations.
Which geosystem-to-geosystem transfer is occurring when CO $_2$ enters the ocean from air?

Atmosphere to hydrosphere. Gas dissolves into seawater at the ocean-atmosphere interface.
What process moves water from plants to the atmosphere?

Transpiration. Plants release water vapor through leaf pores.
Which law states that matter is not created or destroyed in Earth system models?

Law of Conservation of Mass. Matter only changes form or location, never disappears.
What process moves surface water into streams, rivers, and oceans downslope?

Runoff. Gravity causes water to flow across land surfaces.
What is the hydrosphere in an Earth system model?

All Earth water: liquid, solid ice, and water vapor. Encompasses water in all three states throughout Earth.
Identify the geosphere process that releases volcanic gases into the atmosphere.

Volcanic outgassing (eruption). Molten rock releases trapped gases during volcanic activity.
Which geosystem-to-geosystem transfer is occurring when a plant absorbs water from soil?

Hydrosphere to biosphere. Roots uptake water from soil moisture for biological processes.
Identify the correct sphere-to-sphere transfer: infiltration moves water from which sphere to which sphere?

Hydrosphere to geosphere. Surface water seeps into soil and rock layers.
What process moves carbon from the biosphere to the atmosphere by burning fuels or biomass?

Combustion. Rapid oxidation releases stored carbon as $CO_2$ gas.
Identify the geosystem transfer: Rainwater dissolves minerals and carries ions to the ocean.

Geosphere to hydrosphere. Dissolved minerals move from rocks into ocean water.
What is the biosphere in an Earth system model?

All living organisms and their organic matter. Includes all life forms and their decaying remains.
Which process moves carbon quickly from geosphere to atmosphere as $CO_2$ ?

Volcanic outgassing. Volcanoes release trapped $CO_2$ from Earth's interior.
What is the law of conservation of matter as used in Earth cycling models?

Matter is not created or destroyed; it is rearranged. Total amount stays constant; only form and location change.
Which process moves carbon from the biosphere to the atmosphere by releasing $CO_2$ ?

Cellular respiration. Organisms break down glucose for energy, releasing $CO_2$ .
Identify the geosystem transfer: evaporation moves water from which sphere to which sphere?

Hydrosphere to atmosphere. Water changes from liquid to gas phase during this transfer.
Which process returns carbon from the biosphere to the atmosphere as $CO_2$ ?

Cellular respiration. Organisms break down glucose, releasing $CO_2$ gas.
What are the four main Earth geosystems used in cycling models (name the spheres)?

geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, biosphere. These four spheres interact to cycle all Earth materials.
What process moves water from the surface into the ground to become groundwater?

Infiltration. Water seeps through soil pores and cracks.
What is a flux (transfer) in an Earth material cycle model?

A process that moves matter between reservoirs. Acts as a pathway connecting different storage locations.
What geosphere process deposits transported sediment to form layers?

Deposition. Sediments settle when transport energy decreases, building new layers.
What does a reservoir represent in an Earth materials cycling model?

A storage location for matter (a "pool"). Reservoirs store materials temporarily before transfer to other systems.
Identify the geosystem transfer: weathering moves matter from which sphere into which sphere?

Geosphere into hydrosphere (dissolved ions) and sediments. Rock breakdown releases minerals into water and creates loose particles.
Which process converts atmospheric $CO_2$ into sugars in the biosphere?

Photosynthesis. Plants use sunlight to convert $CO_2$ and water into glucose.
Which model rule states matter is not created or destroyed as it cycles through geosystems?

Conservation of matter (mass is conserved). Matter transforms but total mass remains constant.
Which water-cycle process moves water from the hydrosphere to the atmosphere from oceans and lakes?

Evaporation. Liquid water becomes water vapor through heat energy.
What process moves water from the surface into the ground to become groundwater?

Infiltration. Water soaks through soil pores to recharge aquifers.
Which process moves water from the hydrosphere to the atmosphere as water vapor?

Evaporation. Heat energy transforms liquid water to vapor.
Which option best completes a model arrow: "Ocean surface water $ 0$ to water vapor in air"?

Evaporation (hydrosphere to atmosphere). Heat transforms liquid ocean water into atmospheric vapor.
What is the water cycle process that moves water from ocean to atmosphere?

Evaporation. Heat energy transforms liquid water into water vapor that rises.
What process moves water from the hydrosphere to the atmosphere as water vapor?

Evaporation. Heat energy transforms liquid water into invisible gas.
What are the four main Earth geosystems used in Earth system models?

Geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, biosphere. These four spheres interact to form Earth's complete system.
Which arrow best completes a carbon-cycle model: combustion moves carbon from which sphere to which sphere?

Biosphere or geosphere to atmosphere. Burning organic matter or fossil fuels releases $CO_2$ .
Which process moves carbon from the atmosphere into the biosphere in a carbon cycle model?

Photosynthesis. Plants convert $CO_2$ into organic compounds using sunlight.
Which process moves surface water downhill into streams, rivers, and oceans?

Runoff. Gravity drives water flow over land surfaces.
Which process transfers carbon from atmosphere to biosphere in the carbon cycle?

Photosynthesis. Plants convert atmospheric $CO_2$ into organic compounds using sunlight.
What is the biosphere in an Earth system cycling model?

All living things and the regions where life exists. Extends from ocean depths to the upper atmosphere where life can survive.
Which statement is correct about energy in Earth system models?

Energy flows through the system; it is not recycled. Unlike matter, energy enters and exits Earth's system.
What is the hydrosphere in an Earth system cycling model?

All Earth water: liquid, solid, and water vapor. Encompasses oceans, ice caps, groundwater, and atmospheric moisture.
Which process moves carbon from the atmosphere into the biosphere?

Photosynthesis. Plants convert $CO_2$ and water into glucose using sunlight.
What process breaks rock into smaller pieces without changing its composition?

Physical (mechanical) weathering. Forces like ice wedging split rocks but keep same minerals.
Which geosphere process releases $CO_2$ to the atmosphere during plate tectonics?

Volcanic outgassing (volcanism). Magma releases trapped $CO_2$ when volcanoes erupt.
Which process moves water from the surface into soil and rock pores?

Infiltration (and percolation downward). Water soaks into ground through pore spaces.
Which process transfers carbon from the hydrosphere to the geosphere by forming limestone?

carbonate precipitation and sedimentation. Marine organisms' shells settle and compress into rock.
What are the four major Earth geosystems used in cycling models?

Geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, biosphere. These four spheres interact to cycle Earth materials.
Identify the correct geosystem transfer: volcanic outgassing moves carbon from ___ to ___?

Geosphere to atmosphere. Volcanoes release gases from Earth's interior to the air.
Which process transfers carbon from the atmosphere into the biosphere by making sugars?

Photosynthesis. Plants convert $CO_2$ and water into glucose using sunlight.
What term describes the movement of Earth materials between geosystems?

Cycling (or cycling of matter). Matter moves continuously between Earth's spheres in repeating patterns.
Which process moves carbon from the geosphere to the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels?

Combustion. Burning releases stored carbon as $CO_2$ gas.
What are the four main Earth geosystems used in cycling models?

Geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, biosphere. These four spheres interact to cycle Earth materials.
Which process moves sediments from transport to the ground or seafloor in a model?

Deposition. Sediments settle when transport energy decreases.
Which process moves liquid water from the hydrosphere to the atmosphere?

Evaporation. Heat energy transforms liquid water into water vapor that rises.
Which principle should your model follow about matter during cycling: matter is created, destroyed, or conserved?

Matter is conserved (recycled among reservoirs). Matter changes form but total amount stays constant.
Which process transfers carbon from dead organisms into soils and sediments over time?

Decomposition and burial. Decomposers break down organic matter, storing carbon in soil.
What process moves water vapor to liquid water droplets in the atmosphere?

Condensation. Cooling causes water vapor to form tiny liquid droplets.
What process drops transported sediments to form layers in a new location?

Deposition. Sediments settle when transport energy decreases.
Which process breaks rock into sediments, transferring material within the geosphere and to the hydrosphere?

weathering. Physical and chemical processes break down solid rock.
Which process breaks rock into smaller pieces without moving it to a new location?

Weathering. Physical or chemical breakdown occurs in place.
Which process transfers carbon from the geosphere to the atmosphere during eruptions?

Volcanic outgassing. Releases trapped $CO_2$ from deep Earth rocks and magma.
What process moves water from the hydrosphere to the atmosphere as water vapor?

Evaporation. Heat energy transforms liquid water into gaseous water vapor.
Which option best completes a rock-cycle model: magma cools and solidifies to form which rock type?

igneous rock. Molten rock crystallizes when cooled, forming this rock type.
Which process breaks rock into smaller sediments, moving material within the geosphere?

Weathering. Physical and chemical processes break down rocks.
What process moves water from the atmosphere to Earth's surface as rain or snow?

Precipitation. Water vapor condenses and falls when air cools sufficiently.
Which process transfers carbon quickly from the geosphere to the atmosphere in a carbon cycle model?

Combustion of fossil fuels. Burning releases stored carbon as $CO_2$ gas.
What does a reservoir represent in a model of Earth material cycling?

A storage location for matter (a "place" matter is held). Reservoirs store materials temporarily in cycles.
Which process converts ammonium and nitrite into nitrate in soils and water?

Nitrification. Bacteria oxidize ammonia to nitrate for plant uptake.
Identify the sphere receiving matter: evaporation moves water from hydrosphere to which sphere?

Atmosphere. Water vapor rises from liquid water into the gaseous atmosphere layer.
Which process transfers carbon from the biosphere to the geosphere by burial over long times?

burial and fossilization. Dead organisms become fossil fuels when compressed underground.
Which process moves surface water into the ground, transferring hydrosphere water into the geosphere?

Infiltration (percolation into soil and rock). Water seeps through pore spaces in soil and rock.
What word describes a material that moves between geosystems in a model (for example, water or carbon)?

Matter. Matter is the physical substance that cycles between spheres.
What process releases carbon from dead matter into soil, water, and air?

Decomposition. Bacteria and fungi break down organic matter, recycling carbon.
Which process moves water from plants (biosphere) to the atmosphere?

Transpiration. Plants release water vapor through their leaves.
What does a flux (transfer) represent in an Earth materials cycling model?

A movement of matter between reservoirs. Shows how materials flow between storage locations.
Which process moves carbon from the biosphere to the atmosphere in a carbon cycle model?

Cellular respiration. Organisms release $CO_2$ when breaking down food for energy.
Which process transfers water from the atmosphere to Earth's surface as rain or snow?

Precipitation. Water vapor condenses and falls from clouds.
What is infiltration in the water cycle, stated as a geosystem transfer?

Surface water soaking into soil and rock (hydrosphere to geosphere). Water moves downward through pore spaces in soil and rock.
Identify the correct arrow direction for cellular respiration in a carbon cycle model: plants/animals to CO $_2$ in air, or CO $_2$ in air to plants?

Carbon in organisms → CO $_2$ in atmosphere. Organisms release $CO_2$ when breaking down glucose.
Which process moves water from plants to the atmosphere as water vapor?

Transpiration. Plants release water vapor through leaf pores.
Identify the geosystem transfer: A plant takes in atmospheric $CO_2$ to build biomass.

Atmosphere to biosphere. Plants absorb atmospheric carbon during photosynthesis.
Choose the correct geosystem transfer: volcanic eruption releases gases from which sphere to which sphere?

Geosphere to atmosphere. Magma releases trapped gases into the air.
What process returns carbon to the atmosphere when organisms break down sugars?

Cellular respiration. Organisms release $CO_2$ when extracting energy from food.
Which process moves dissolved $CO_2$ from the atmosphere into the hydrosphere (oceans and lakes)?

dissolution (gas exchange into water). $CO_2$ dissolves into water bodies at the air-water interface.
Which water-cycle process moves water from the atmosphere to Earth's surface as rain or snow?

Precipitation. Water vapor condenses and falls due to gravity.
What is a reservoir (storage) in a geosystem cycling model?

A place where matter is stored for a time. Like a storage tank holding materials temporarily in the cycle.
Which option is an example of matter transfer (not energy transfer) between geosystems?

Water evaporating from the ocean into the atmosphere. Water molecules physically move from ocean to air, transferring matter.
Which process moves water from the atmosphere to the hydrosphere or geosphere?

Precipitation. Water falls from clouds as rain, snow, or hail.
Which process returns $CO_2$ from organisms to the atmosphere and hydrosphere?

cellular respiration. Organisms break down glucose, releasing $CO_2$ as waste.
What does a reservoir (storage) represent in an Earth materials cycling model?

A place where matter is stored for a period of time. Examples include oceans, forests, or atmospheric $CO_2$ .
What is the hydrosphere in an Earth-system cycling model?

All Earth water: liquid, solid, and vapor. Water exists in all three states within the hydrosphere.
Which process moves carbon from the atmosphere to the biosphere by making sugars in plants?

photosynthesis. Plants convert $CO_2$ and sunlight into glucose molecules.
What process breaks down rock into smaller pieces, moving geosphere material into sediments?

Weathering. Physical and chemical processes decompose solid rock.
What is a flux (transfer) in a geosystem cycling model?

Movement of matter between reservoirs. The pathways and rates at which materials flow between storage areas.
What are the four main Earth geosystems used in material-cycle models?

Geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, biosphere. These four spheres interact through material exchanges.
Which process moves water from plants in the biosphere to the atmosphere?

Transpiration. Plants release water vapor through leaf pores.
What is the geosphere in an Earth system model?

Solid Earth: rocks, minerals, sediments, and soil. Includes all solid materials from Earth's crust and interior.
What is the atmosphere in an Earth-systems cycling model?

The layer of gases surrounding Earth. Contains nitrogen, oxygen, and other gases in layers.
Which process moves carbon from the atmosphere into the biosphere by making sugars?

Photosynthesis. Plants convert $CO_2$ and water into glucose using sunlight.
What is the atmosphere in an Earth-system cycling model?

The layer of gases surrounding Earth. This gaseous envelope enables material exchange with other spheres.
What process releases $CO_2$ from the geosphere to the atmosphere during volcanic activity?

Volcanic outgassing. Magma releases trapped gases including carbon dioxide.
What is the hydrosphere in an Earth-systems cycling model?

All Earth water: liquid, solid, and water vapor. Encompasses water in all three states throughout Earth.
Which process moves water from the biosphere to the atmosphere in the water cycle model?

Transpiration. Plants release water vapor through their leaves.
Which process moves water from the atmosphere to the geosphere or hydrosphere in the water cycle model?

Precipitation. Water falls from clouds as rain, snow, or hail.
Which process moves water from the hydrosphere to the atmosphere?

Evaporation. Water changes from liquid to gas, rising into air.
What is runoff in a model of the water cycle through geosystems?

Water flowing over land into streams, lakes, or oceans. Gravity moves water across impermeable surfaces toward lower elevations.
Identify the correct geosystem transfer: plant uptake moves water from which sphere to which sphere?

Hydrosphere to biosphere. Roots absorb water from soil for plant processes.
What does an arrow usually represent in a geosystems cycling diagram?

Direction of matter transfer (a flux) between reservoirs. Shows which reservoir loses matter and which gains it.
Which process transfers carbon from the atmosphere to the hydrosphere by dissolving $CO_2$ in water?

$CO_2$ dissolution (gas exchange into water). Atmospheric $CO_2$ dissolves into ocean water.
Identify the correct sphere-to-sphere transfer: evaporation moves water from which sphere to which sphere?

hydrosphere to atmosphere. Water changes from liquid to gas, leaving the ocean for air.
Which process transfers carbon from biosphere to atmosphere by organisms?

Cellular respiration. Organisms break down organic matter, releasing $CO_2$ back to air.
Which water-cycle process moves water from the biosphere to the atmosphere through plants?

Transpiration. Plants release water vapor through leaf stomata.
Which process moves water from land into streams and oceans across the surface?

Runoff. Gravity drives surface water flow to oceans.
Which geosystem-to-geosystem transfer is occurring when limestone dissolves into groundwater?

Geosphere to hydrosphere. Carbonate minerals dissolve, transferring rock material to water.
What is a reservoir (storage) in a geosystem cycle model?

A place where matter is stored for a time. Reservoirs temporarily hold materials in the cycle.
Which term names matter moving between reservoirs in a cycle model?

Flux (transfer). Flux describes the rate and amount of material moving between reservoirs.
Identify the correct geosystem transfer: precipitation moves water from which sphere to which sphere(s)?

Atmosphere to hydrosphere and/or geosphere. Water falls to Earth's surface and soil.
What word describes where Earth material is stored within a geosystem (for example, ocean water)?

Reservoir (storage). Reservoirs hold materials temporarily within each sphere.
Which process transfers water from the hydrosphere to the atmosphere as vapor?

Evaporation. Heat energy changes liquid water to gas.
Identify the geosystem transfer: Burning fossil fuels releases $CO_2$ into air.

Geosphere to atmosphere. Fossil fuels from geosphere release carbon to air when burned.
Which process moves water from land plants (biosphere) to the atmosphere as water vapor?

Transpiration. Plants release water vapor through leaf pores during photosynthesis.
Identify the correct geosystem transfer: volcanic eruption releases $CO_2$ into which sphere?

Atmosphere. Volcanic gases transfer from geosphere to atmosphere.
What is the correct definition of a reservoir (storage) in a geosystem cycle model?

A place where matter is stored for a period of time. Reservoirs hold matter temporarily before it moves elsewhere.
What process breaks rock into smaller pieces without changing its composition?

Physical weathering. Forces like ice wedging break rocks mechanically.
What is the biosphere in an Earth-system cycling model?

All living organisms and their organic matter. Life forms and their remains comprise this sphere.
Which process moves water from atmosphere to Earth's surface as rain or snow?

Precipitation. Condensed water droplets fall when too heavy to stay airborne.
Which process returns $CO_2$ from organisms to the atmosphere?

Cellular respiration. Organisms break down glucose for energy, releasing $CO_2$ as waste.
What is infiltration in a model of the water cycle through geosystems?

Water soaking from surface into soil and rock. Gravity pulls surface water downward through soil pores and cracks.
Which process returns nitrogen gas to the atmosphere by bacteria in low-oxygen soils or water?

Denitrification. Anaerobic bacteria convert nitrates back to $N_2$ gas.
Which process moves water from the atmosphere to Earth surface as rain or snow?

Precipitation. Gravity pulls water droplets/ice down as rain/snow.
Which process moves water from the surface into the geosphere to become groundwater?

infiltration. Water seeps through soil and rock layers underground.
What is runoff in the water cycle, stated as a geosystem transfer?

Water flowing over land into streams and oceans (geosphere to hydrosphere). Gravity moves surface water downslope to water bodies.
What geosphere process breaks rock into sediment, moving matter into soils and water?

Weathering. Physical and chemical processes break down rocks at Earth's surface.
Identify the geosystem that is the largest long-term reservoir of carbon on Earth.

Geosphere (carbonate rocks and sediments). Limestone and fossil fuels store carbon for millions of years.
What does a reservoir (storage) represent in a geosystem cycling model?

A place where matter is stored for a period of time. Examples include oceans storing water or soil storing carbon.
What is a reservoir (storage) in an Earth system cycling model?

a place where matter is stored for a time. Reservoirs hold materials temporarily before they move elsewhere.
What geosphere-to-atmosphere process releases gases like $CO_2$ from Earth's interior?

Volcanic outgassing. Magma releases trapped gases when pressure decreases during eruptions.
What is the water cycle process that returns water from clouds to Earth's surface?

Precipitation. Water falls as rain, snow, sleet, or hail when droplets become too heavy.

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