Identify the condition for a base to be mostly protonated in water in terms of pH and pKa.
QUESTION
What is the chemical principle behind acid–base extraction of amines or carboxylic acids?
QUESTION
What is the key requirement for a solvent to be effective in liquid–liquid extraction?
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ANSWER
It must preferentially dissolve the target solute and be immiscible with the other phase. This ensures selective partitioning of the solute into the extracting phase while maintaining two distinct layers for easy separation.