Membrane Potential and Electrochemical Gradients (2A)
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QUESTION
Identify the sign of
E
X
E_X
E
X
for a cation when
[
X
]
o
u
t
>
[
X
]
i
n
[X]_{out} > [X]_{in}
[
X
]
o
u
t
>
[
X
]
in
.
QUESTION
Identify the sign of
E
X
E_X
E
X
for an anion when
[
X
]
o
u
t
>
[
X
]
i
n
[X]_{out} > [X]_{in}
[
X
]
o
u
t
>
[
X
]
in
.
QUESTION
If
V
m
V_m
V
m
becomes more permeable to
N
a
+
Na^+
N
a
+
, which direction does
V
m
V_m
V
m
shift?
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ANSWER
Toward
E
N
a
E_{Na}
E
N
a
(depolarizes; becomes more positive). Increased Na
+
^+
+
permeability allows influx, shifting potential toward Na
+
^+
+
's positive equilibrium value.
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